CTNNB1 (Catenin, beta-1)

Identity

Other names	Cadherin-associated protein, beta
HGNC	CTNNB1
Location	3p22-p21.3
Location_base_pair	Starts at 41215946 and ends at 41256943 bp from pter ( according to hg18-Mar_2006).
	CTNNB1 (3p22) - Courtesy Mariano Rocchi, Resources for Molecular Cytogenetics. Laboratories willing to validate the probes are welcome : contact rocchi@biologia.uniba.it

DNA/RNA

Description	The gene encompasses 23.2kb of DNA ; 16 exons (the first is non-coding).
Transcription	3362 nucleotides mRNA ; 2343 bp open reading frame. Alternative splicing within exon 16 produces a splice variant that is 159 bp shorter in the 3' untranslated region.

Protein

Description	781 amino acids ; 92 kDa protein. Can be phosphorylated ; contains from N-term to C-term, a phosphorylation site by the serine-threonine glycogen synthase kinase -3b(GSK-3b), an a-catenin binding site, 13 armadillo repeats and a transactivating domain.
Expression	Widely expressed.
Localisation	Cytoplasm and nucleus
Function	Important functions in the E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion system and also as a dowstream signaling molecule in the Wnt pathway. Cytoplasmic accumulation of b catenin allows it to translocate to the nucleus to form complexes with transcription factors of the T cell factor-lymphoid enhancer factor (Tcf-Lef) family. b-catenin is assumed to transactivate mostly unknown target genes, which may stimulate cell proliferation (acts as an oncogene) or inhibit apoptosis. The b-catenin level in the cell is regulated by its association with the adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC) tumor suppressor protein, axin and GSK-3b. Phosphorylation of b-catenin by the APC-axin-GSK-3b complex leads to its degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Homology	The b-catenin protein shares 70 % amino acid identity with both plakoglobin (intracellular junction in desmosomes) and the product of the Drosphila segment polarity gene "armadillo".

Mutations

Somatic

Two mechanisms underlying the increase in b-catenin levels by stabilizing b-catenin are known. One is inactivating mutation in the APC gene, the other is activating mutation at the GSK-3b phosphorylation sites within exon 3 of the b-catenin gene. b-catenin plays a key role in the development of colorectal cancer and has been found mutated in colorectal cancer cell lines. b-catenin aberration is a frequent event in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and may facilitate its development in the course of chronic hepatitis. b-catenin has also been found mutated in hepatoblastoma, ovarian carcinoma, medulloblastoma, pilomatricoma as well as in melanoma cell lines.

External links

	Nomenclature
HGNC	CTNNB1   2514
Entrez_Gene	CTNNB1  1499  catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88kDa
	Cards
Atlas	CTNNB1ID71
GeneCards	CTNNB1
Ensembl	ENSG00000168036 [Gene_View]  CTNNB1 [Vega]
Genatlas	CTNNB1
	Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath	CTNNB1  -     chr3:41215946-41256943 +  3p21   [Description]    (hg18-Mar_2006)
Ensembl	CTNNB1 - 3p21 [CytoView]
NCBI	Mapview
OMIM	114550 Disease map [OMIM]
OMIM	116806 Disease map [OMIM]
OMIM	132600 Disease map [OMIM]
OMIM	155255 Disease map [OMIM]
HomoloGene	CTNNB1
	Gene and transcription
Genbank	AB062292 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	AK095242 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	AK289932 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	AK314776 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BC058926 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_001098209 [ SRS ]    NM_001098209 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_001098210 [ SRS ]    NM_001098210 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_001904 [ SRS ]    NM_001904 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	AC_000046 [ SRS ]    AC_000046 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	AC_000135 [ SRS ]    AC_000135 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NC_000003 [ SRS ]    NC_000003 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NT_022517 [ SRS ]    NT_022517 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NW_001838877 [ SRS ]    NW_001838877 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NW_921651 [ SRS ]    NW_921651 [ ENTREZ ]
CCDS	CTNNB1 CCDS - NCBI
AceView	CTNNB1 AceView - NCBI
Unigene	Hs.476018 [ SRS ]    Hs.476018 [ NCBI ]
Fast-db	4557 (alternative variants)
	Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
SwissProt	P35222 [ SRS]    P35222 [ EXPASY ]     P35222 [ INTERPRO ]     P35222 [ UNIPROT ] P35222 [ VarSplice FASTA ]
Prosite	PS50176 ARM_REPEAT [ SRS ]    PS50176 ARM_REPEAT [ Expasy ]
Interpro	IPR011989 ARM-like [ SRS ]    IPR011989 ARM-like [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR000225 Armadillo [ SRS ]    IPR000225 Armadillo [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR013284 Beta-catenin [ SRS ]    IPR013284 Beta-catenin [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR000357 HEAT [ SRS ]    IPR000357 HEAT [ EBI ]
CluSTr	P35222
Pfam	PF00514 Arm [ SRS ]    PF00514 Arm [ Sanger ]    pfam00514 [ NCBI-CDD ]
Pfam	PF02985 HEAT [ SRS ]    PF02985 HEAT [ Sanger ]    pfam02985 [ NCBI-CDD ]
Smart	SM00185 ARM [EMBL]
Blocks	P35222
PDB	1G3J [ SRS ]    1G3J [ PdbSum ],   1G3J [ IMB ]   1G3J [ RSDB ]
PDB	1JDH [ SRS ]    1JDH [ PdbSum ],   1JDH [ IMB ]   1JDH [ RSDB ]
PDB	1JPW [ SRS ]    1JPW [ PdbSum ],   1JPW [ IMB ]   1JPW [ RSDB ]
PDB	1LUJ [ SRS ]    1LUJ [ PdbSum ],   1LUJ [ IMB ]   1LUJ [ RSDB ]
PDB	1P22 [ SRS ]    1P22 [ PdbSum ],   1P22 [ IMB ]   1P22 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1QZ7 [ SRS ]    1QZ7 [ PdbSum ],   1QZ7 [ IMB ]   1QZ7 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1T08 [ SRS ]    1T08 [ PdbSum ],   1T08 [ IMB ]   1T08 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1TH1 [ SRS ]    1TH1 [ PdbSum ],   1TH1 [ IMB ]   1TH1 [ RSDB ]
PDB	2G57 [ SRS ]    2G57 [ PdbSum ],   2G57 [ IMB ]   2G57 [ RSDB ]
PDB	2GL7 [ SRS ]    2GL7 [ PdbSum ],   2GL7 [ IMB ]   2GL7 [ RSDB ]
PDB	2Z6H [ SRS ]    2Z6H [ PdbSum ],   2Z6H [ IMB ]   2Z6H [ RSDB ]
HPRD	00286
	Protein Interaction databases
DIP	P35222
IntAct	P35222
	Polymorphism : SNP, mutations, diseases
OMIM	114550    [ map ]
OMIM	116806    [ map ]
OMIM	132600    [ map ]
OMIM	155255    [ map ]
GENETests	114550
GENETests	116806
GENETests	132600
GENETests	155255
SNP	CTNNB1 [dbSNP-NCBI]
SNP	NM_001098209 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	NM_001098210 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	NM_001904 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	CTNNB1 [GeneSNPs - Utah]  CTNNB1] [HGBASE - SRS]
HAPMAP	CTNNB1 [HAPMAP]
COSMIC	CTNNB1 [Somatic mutation (COSMIC-CGP-Sanger)]
HGMD	CTNNB1
Genetic Association	CTNNB1
CDC HuGE	CTNNB1
	General knowledge
Family Browser	CTNNB1 [UCSC Family Browser]
SOURCE	NM_001098209
SOURCE	NM_001098210
SOURCE	NM_001904
SMD	Hs.476018
SAGE	Hs.476018
GO	negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter [Amigo]  negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
GO	cellular morphogenesis during differentiation [Amigo]  cellular morphogenesis during differentiation
GO	skeletal development [Amigo]  skeletal development
GO	patterning of blood vessels [Amigo]  patterning of blood vessels
GO	endoderm formation [Amigo]  endoderm formation
GO	cell fate specification [Amigo]  cell fate specification
GO	cell fate determination [Amigo]  cell fate determination
GO	endodermal cell fate commitment [Amigo]  endodermal cell fate commitment
GO	epithelial to mesenchymal transition [Amigo]  epithelial to mesenchymal transition
GO	chromatin binding [Amigo]  chromatin binding
GO	double-stranded DNA binding [Amigo]  double-stranded DNA binding
GO	transcription factor activity [Amigo]  transcription factor activity
GO	transcription coactivator activity [Amigo]  transcription coactivator activity
GO	signal transducer activity [Amigo]  signal transducer activity
GO	structural molecule activity [Amigo]  structural molecule activity
GO	membrane fraction [Amigo]  membrane fraction
GO	nucleus [Amigo]  nucleus
GO	transcription factor complex [Amigo]  transcription factor complex
GO	cytoplasm [Amigo]  cytoplasm
GO	cytosol [Amigo]  cytosol
GO	cytoskeleton [Amigo]  cytoskeleton
GO	plasma membrane [Amigo]  plasma membrane
GO	fascia adherens [Amigo]  fascia adherens
GO	transcription [Amigo]  transcription
GO	synaptic transmission [Amigo]  synaptic transmission
GO	ectoderm development [Amigo]  ectoderm development
GO	heart development [Amigo]  heart development
GO	protein C-terminus binding [Amigo]  protein C-terminus binding
GO	transcription factor binding [Amigo]  transcription factor binding
GO	dorsal/ventral axis specification [Amigo]  dorsal/ventral axis specification
GO	proximal/distal pattern formation [Amigo]  proximal/distal pattern formation
GO	basolateral plasma membrane [Amigo]  basolateral plasma membrane
GO	lateral plasma membrane [Amigo]  lateral plasma membrane
GO	morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium [Amigo]  morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium
GO	cell-cell adhesion [Amigo]  cell-cell adhesion
GO	Z disc [Amigo]  Z disc
GO	lamellipodium [Amigo]  lamellipodium
GO	hemopoiesis [Amigo]  hemopoiesis
GO	lung development [Amigo]  lung development
GO	androgen receptor signaling pathway [Amigo]  androgen receptor signaling pathway
GO	positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation [Amigo]  positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
GO	beta-catenin destruction complex [Amigo]  beta-catenin destruction complex
GO	forebrain development [Amigo]  forebrain development
GO	pancreas development [Amigo]  pancreas development
GO	microvillus membrane [Amigo]  microvillus membrane
GO	negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation [Amigo]  negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
GO	embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis [Amigo]  embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis
GO	embryonic arm morphogenesis [Amigo]  embryonic arm morphogenesis
GO	regulation of cell proliferation [Amigo]  regulation of cell proliferation
GO	odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth [Amigo]  odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth
GO	embryonic digit morphogenesis [Amigo]  embryonic digit morphogenesis
GO	apical junction complex [Amigo]  apical junction complex
GO	apical part of cell [Amigo]  apical part of cell
GO	alpha-catenin binding [Amigo]  alpha-catenin binding
GO	cadherin binding [Amigo]  cadherin binding
GO	bone resorption [Amigo]  bone resorption
GO	positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation [Amigo]  positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation
GO	negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation [Amigo]  negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation
GO	positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter [Amigo]  positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
GO	cell maturation [Amigo]  cell maturation
GO	synaptic vesicle transport [Amigo]  synaptic vesicle transport
GO	camera-type eye morphogenesis [Amigo]  camera-type eye morphogenesis
GO	androgen receptor binding [Amigo]  androgen receptor binding
GO	synapse organization and biogenesis [Amigo]  synapse organization and biogenesis
GO	Wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin [Amigo]  Wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin
BIOCARTA	ALK in cardiac myocytes    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Cell to Cell Adhesion Signaling    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Inactivation of Gsk3 by AKT causes accumulation of b-catenin in Alveolar Macrophages    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Multi-step Regulation of Transcription by Pitx2    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Presenilin action in Notch and Wnt signaling    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Trefoil Factors Initiate Mucosal Healing    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	WNT Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
KEGG	Wnt signaling pathway
KEGG	Focal adhesion
KEGG	Adherens junction
KEGG	Tight junction
KEGG	Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KEGG	Colorectal cancer
PubGene	CTNNB1
TreeFam	CTNNB1
CTD	1499 [Comparative ToxicoGenomics Database]
	Other databases
	Probes
Probe	Cancer Cytogenetics (Bari)
Probe	CTNNB1 Related clones (RZPD - Berlin)
	PubMed
PubMed	499 Pubmed reference(s) in Entrez

Bibliography

Association of the APC tumor suppressor protein with catenins.

Su LK, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW

Science (New York, N.Y.). 1993 ; 262 (5140) : 1734-1737.

PMID 8259519

Localization of the human beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) to 3p21: a region implicated in tumor development.

Kraus C, Liehr T, Hˆºlsken J, Behrens J, Birchmeier W, Grzeschik KH, Ballhausen WG

Genomics. 1994 ; 23 (1) : 272-274.

PMID 7829088

Yeast artificial chromosome cloning of the beta-catenin locus on human chromosome 3p21-22.

Bailey A, Norris AL, Leek JP, Clissold PM, Carr IM, Ogilvie DJ, Morrison JF, Meredith DM, Markham AF

Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology. 1995 ; 3 (3) : 201-203.

PMID 7780664

Signal transduction of beta-catenin.

Gumbiner BM

Current opinion in cell biology. 1995 ; 7 (5) : 634-640.

PMID 8573337

The gene for the APC-binding protein beta-catenin (CTNNB1) maps to chromosome 3p22, a region frequently altered in human malignancies.

Trent JM, Wiltshire R, Su LK, Nicolaides NC, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW

Cytogenetics and cell genetics. 1995 ; 71 (4) : 343-344.

PMID 8521721

Assignment of the human beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) to 3p22-->p21.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

van Hengel J, Nollet F, Berx G, van Roy N, Speleman F, van Roy F

Cytogenetics and cell genetics. 1995 ; 70 (1-2) : 68-70.

PMID 7736793

Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1.

Behrens J, von Kries JP, Kˆºhl M, Bruhn L, Wedlich D, Grosschedl R, Birchmeier W

Nature. 1996 ; 382 (6592) : 638-642.

PMID 8757136

Nuclear localization of beta-catenin by interaction with transcription factor LEF-1.

Huber O, Korn R, McLaughlin J, Ohsugi M, Herrmann BG, Kemler R

Mechanisms of development. 1996 ; 59 (1) : 3-10.

PMID 8892228

Genomic organization of the human beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1).

Nollet F, Berx G, Molemans F, van Roy F

Genomics. 1996 ; 32 (3) : 413-424.

PMID 8838805

Binding of GSK3beta to the APC-beta-catenin complex and regulation of complex assembly.

Rubinfeld B, Albert I, Porfiri E, Fiol C, Munemitsu S, Polakis P

Science (New York, N.Y.). 1996 ; 272 (5264) : 1023-1026.

PMID 8638126

beta-catenin is a target for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

Aberle H, Bauer A, Stappert J, Kispert A, Kemler R

The EMBO journal. 1997 ; 16 (13) : 3797-3804.

PMID 9233789

Beta-catenin mutations in cell lines established from human colorectal cancers.

Ilyas M, Tomlinson IP, Rowan A, Pignatelli M, Bodmer WF

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997 ; 94 (19) : 10330-10334.

PMID 9294210

Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta-catenin or APC.

Morin PJ, Sparks AB, Korinek V, Barker N, Clevers H, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW

Science (New York, N.Y.). 1997 ; 275 (5307) : 1787-1790.

PMID 9065402

Loss of beta-catenin regulation by the APC tumor suppressor protein correlates with loss of structure due to common somatic mutations of the gene.

Rubinfeld B, Albert I, Porfiri E, Munemitsu S, Polakis P

Cancer research. 1997 ; 57 (20) : 4624-4630.

PMID 9377578

Stabilization of beta-catenin by genetic defects in melanoma cell lines.

Rubinfeld B, Robbins P, El-Gamil M, Albert I, Porfiri E, Polakis P

Science (New York, N.Y.). 1997 ; 275 (5307) : 1790-1792.

PMID 9065403

Functional interaction of an axin homolog, conductin, with beta-catenin, APC, and GSK3beta.

Behrens J, Jerchow BA, Wˆºrtele M, Grimm J, Asbrand C, Wirtz R, Kˆºhl M, Wedlich D, Birchmeier W

Science (New York, N.Y.). 1998 ; 280 (5363) : 596-599.

PMID 9554852

Somatic mutations of the beta-catenin gene are frequent in mouse and human hepatocellular carcinomas.

de La Coste A, Romagnolo B, Billuart P, Renard CA, Buendia MA, Soubrane O, Fabre M, Chelly J, Beldjord C, Kahn A, Perret C

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998 ; 95 (15) : 8847-8851.

PMID 9671767

Nuclear localization signal-independent and importin/karyopherin-independent nuclear import of beta-catenin.

Fagotto F, Glˆºck U, Gumbiner BM

Current biology : CB. 1998 ; 8 (4) : 181-190.

PMID 9501980

Downregulation of beta-catenin by human Axin and its association with the APC tumor suppressor, beta-catenin and GSK3 beta.

Hart MJ, de los Santos R, Albert IN, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P

Current biology : CB. 1998 ; 8 (10) : 573-581.

PMID 9601641

Axin, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, forms a complex with GSK-3beta and beta-catenin and promotes GSK-3beta-dependent phosphorylation of beta-catenin.

Ikeda S, Kishida S, Yamamoto H, Murai H, Koyama S, Kikuchi A

The EMBO journal. 1998 ; 17 (5) : 1371-1384.

PMID 9482734

Activation of the beta-catenin gene by interstitial deletions involving exon 3 in primary colorectal carcinomas without adenomatous polyposis coli mutations.

Iwao K, Nakamori S, Kameyama M, Imaoka S, Kinoshita M, Fukui T, Ishiguro S, Nakamura Y, Miyoshi Y

Cancer research. 1998 ; 58 (5) : 1021-1026.

PMID 9500465

Mutational analysis of the APC/beta-catenin/Tcf pathway in colorectal cancer.

Sparks AB, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW

Cancer research. 1998 ; 58 (6) : 1130-1134.

PMID 9515795

Beta-catenin accumulation and mutation of the CTNNB1 gene in hepatoblastoma.

Blˆ§ker H, Hofmann WJ, Rieker RJ, Penzel R, Graf M, Otto HF

Genes, chromosomes & cancer. 1999 ; 25 (4) : 399-402.

PMID 10398436

A common human skin tumour is caused by activating mutations in beta-catenin.

Chan EF, Gat U, McNiff JM, Fuchs E

Nature genetics. 1999 ; 21 (4) : 410-413.

PMID 10192393

The metalloproteinase matrilysin is a target of beta-catenin transactivation in intestinal tumors.

Crawford HC, Fingleton BM, Rudolph-Owen LA, Goss KJ, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P, Matrisian LM

Oncogene. 1999 ; 18 (18) : 2883-2891.

PMID 10362259

Intestinal polyposis in mice with a dominant stable mutation of the beta-catenin gene.

Harada N, Tamai Y, Ishikawa T, Sauer B, Takaku K, Oshima M, Taketo MM

The EMBO journal. 1999 ; 18 (21) : 5931-5942.

PMID 10545105

Childhood hepatoblastomas frequently carry a mutated degradation targeting box of the beta-catenin gene.

Koch A, Denkhaus D, Albrecht S, Leuschner I, von Schweinitz D, Pietsch T

Cancer research. 1999 ; 59 (2) : 269-273.

PMID 9927029

Beta-catenin mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma correlate with a low rate of loss of heterozygosity.

Legoix P, Bluteau O, Bayer J, Perret C, Balabaud C, Belghiti J, Franco D, Thomas G, Laurent-Puig P, Zucman-Rossi J

Oncogene. 1999 ; 18 (27) : 4044-4046.

PMID 10435629

Mutational analysis of beta-catenin gene in Japanese ovarian carcinomas: frequent mutations in endometrioid carcinomas.

Sagae S, Kobayashi K, Nishioka Y, Sugimura M, Ishioka S, Nagata M, Terasawa K, Tokino T, Kudo R

Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann. 1999 ; 90 (5) : 510-515.

PMID 10391090

The cyclin D1 gene is a target of the beta-catenin/LEF-1 pathway.

Shtutman M, Zhurinsky J, Simcha I, Albanese C, D'Amico M, Pestell R, Ben-Ze'ev A

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999 ; 96 (10) : 5522-5527.

PMID 10318916

APC mutations in sporadic medulloblastomas.

Huang H, Mahler-Araujo BM, Sankila A, Chimelli L, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H

The American journal of pathology. 2000 ; 156 (2) : 433-437.

PMID 10666372

Gastrin is a target of the beta-catenin/TCF-4 growth-signaling pathway in a model of intestinal polyposis.

Koh TJ, Bulitta CJ, Fleming JV, Dockray GJ, Varro A, Wang TC

The Journal of clinical investigation. 2000 ; 106 (4) : 533-539.

PMID 10953028

Mutations in AXIN2 cause colorectal cancer with defective mismatch repair by activating beta-catenin/TCF signalling.

Liu W, Dong X, Mai M, Seelan RS, Taniguchi K, Krishnadath KK, Halling KC, Cunningham JM, Boardman LA, Qian C, Christensen E, Schmidt SS, Roche PC, Smith DI, Thibodeau SN

Nature genetics. 2000 ; 26 (2) : 146-147.

PMID 11017067

Frequent beta-catenin aberration in human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Fujie H, Moriya K, Shintani Y, Tsutsumi T, Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Kimura S, Koike K

Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology. 2001 ; 20 (1) : 39-51.

PMID 11282485

The transcriptional factor Tcf-4 contains different binding sites for beta-catenin and plakoglobin.

Miravet S, Piedra J, Mirˆ„ F, Itarte E, Garcˆ‚a de Herreros A, Duˆ±ach M

The Journal of biological chemistry. 2002 ; 277 (3) : 1884-1891.

PMID 11711551

Oncogenic beta-catenin and MMP-7 (matrilysin) cosegregate in late-stage clinical colon cancer.

Ougolkov AV, Yamashita K, Mai M, Minamoto T

Gastroenterology. 2002 ; 122 (1) : 60-71.

PMID 11781281

Possible association between higher beta-catenin mRNA expression and mutated beta-catenin in sporadic desmoid tumors: real-time semiquantitative assay by TaqMan polymerase chain reaction.

Saito T, Oda Y, Kawaguchi K, Tanaka K, Matsuda S, Tamiya S, Iwamoto Y, Tsuneyoshi M

Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology. 2002 ; 82 (1) : 97-103.

PMID 11796830

Frizzled-10, up-regulated in primary colorectal cancer, is a positive regulator of the WNT - beta-catenin - TCF signaling pathway.

Terasaki H, Saitoh T, Shiokawa K, Katoh M

International journal of molecular medicine. 2002 ; 9 (2) : 107-112.

PMID 11786918

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Contributor(s)

Written	03-2002	Brigitte Debuire, Antoinette Lemoine and Raphael Saffroy
		Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Hôpital Universitaire Paul Brousse, UPRES 1596-Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, 14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94804 Villejuif Cedex, France

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Debuire B, Lemoine A, Saffroy R . CTNNB1 (Catenin, beta-1). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. March 2002 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/CTNNB1ID71.html

© Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

indexed on : Thu Nov 27 13:21:40 2008