Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
IL21R (interleukin 21 receptor)
| Identity |
| Other names | IL-21R |
| MGC10967 | |
| NILR | |
| HGNC (Hugo) | IL21R |
| Location | 16p12.1 |
| Location_base_pair | Starts at 27346080 and ends at 27369616 bp from pter ( according to hg18-Mar_2006) [Mapping] |
| Local_order | The human IL21R gene maps on 16p11 between the IL4R and the GTF3C1 loci. |
| Note | The gene for interleukin 21 receptor is the partner of BCL6 in t(3;16)(q27;p11) translocation, which is recurrently observed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Ueda, 2002). |
| DNA/RNA |
 | |
| Diagram of IL21R gene organization and of the encoded transcripts. The IL21R gene is comprised of 11 exons and encodes for three alternatively spliced transcript variants that use a different first exon. As the first exon is contained within the 5' UTR region the three transcripts encode for the same protein. | |
| Description | The IL21R gene is comprised of 9 exons (+2 alternative first exons), spanning 48.4kb on chromosome 16p11 (Parrish-Novak, 2000). The human IL21R promoter region, contained within nucleotides -789 to +195 (relative to the start of exon 1a) induces the high levels of transcription in reporter assays (Ueda, 2002). A critical SP1 binding site is contained in the region from -80 to -20 and is essential for gene expression in human T cells (Wu, 2005). The DNA region (12MB) containing the IL21R gene contains multiple copies of large, duplicated segments (duplicons) originating in other regions of the genome (Loftus, 1999), which may predispose to additional duplications or deletions. |
| Transcription | Three alternatively spliced transcript variants of 3248, 3361 and 3263 bp, each comprising 9 exons, have been described. They differ only for the alternative usage of a different first exon, which is contained within the 5' UTR region. Therefore these transcript variants encode for the same protein. |
| Protein |
 | |
| The IL21R requires interaction with the common-gamma chain (γc) for mediating signal transduction upon IL21 binding. The tyrosine kinases JAK1 and JAK3 associate with the receptor complex and mediate receptor chain phosphorylation, recruitment and activation of downstream STAT1 and STAT3 molecules. | |
| Description | The IL21R gene encodes for a 538 aminoacid precursor protein with a 19 aminoacid signal peptide. The mature IL21R protein is a transmembrane glycoprotein with a molecular mass of approximately 75 kDA. IL21R is a type I cytokine receptor with an extracellular domain involved in cytokine binding, which contains one copy of the conserved WSXWS (Trp-Ser-X-Trp-Ser) motif, two fibronectin type-III domains of about 100 amino acids each, and conserved cysteine residues (Parrish-Novak, 2000). IL21R has a transmembrane domain followed by a large intracellular domain that contains the Box 1 and Box 2 elements shown to be important in signal transduction, and six tyrosine residues. The IL-21R also displays a consensus motif for STAT3 binding in its C-terminal tail. IL21R forms a heterodimeric receptor complex with the common gamma-chain ( CD132 ) (Asao, 2001), which is also shared as subunit by the receptors for interleukin 2, interleukin 4, interleukin 7, interleukin 9, and interleukin 15. |
| Expression | IL21R is expressed on normal B, T and NK lymphoid cells and also on monocyte/macrophages and dendritic cells. It is of note that also certain lymphoid neoplasias, such as multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute T cell leukemia express IL21R. IL21R expression has been reported on other non-immune cell types such as intestinal epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease (Caruso, 2007a), gastric epithelium in Helicobacter pylori infection (Caruso 2007b) and rheumatoid synovium (Jungel, 2004). |
| Localisation | IL21R protein is localized at the cell membrane. |
| Function | The IL21R mediates the pleiotropic biological activities of IL21, the lastly identified member of the IL2 family (Parrish-Novak, 2000). IL21 co-stimulates mature T and B cell proliferation and differentiation and also potentiate NK cytolytic functions, inducing NK terminal differentiation (Kasaian, 2002). IL21 also promotes proliferation, cytotoxic function and IFN-gamma production by murine and human CD8+ effector T cells (Parrish-Novak, 2000; Strengell, 2003; Di Carlo 2004). IL21R signaling may mediate B cell proliferation and survival or B-cell apoptosis, in relationship to the activation status of the B cells (Ozaki, 2004; Metha, 2003; Jin, 2004). Mice deficient of IL21R (IL21R -/-) show defects in antibody production (in particular decreased IgG1 and increased IgE production in response to antigen stimulation) and reduced CTL responses, although their CD8+ T cell numbers are normal (Ozaki, 2002). The IL21/IL21R system is also a regulator of Th17 development and activity (Wei, 2007). The IL21R/common gamma chain complex, upon engagement of its specific ligand IL21, mediates signal transduction through the activation of downstream signaling molecules. These include the tyrosine kinases JAK1 and JAK3, which phosphorylate STAT1 and STAT3 (Zeng, 2007; de Totero, 2008). Differently from IL2 and IL15, which also use the common gamma chain and JAK3 for signaling and are strong inducers of STAT5 activation, IL21 is a weak inducer of STAT5 activation. IL21R signaling also leads to weak activation of both the mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways (PI3K) (Zeng, 2007). |
| Homology | IL21R displays structural homologies with other members of the type I cytokine receptor family, such as the IL2Rbeta chain (29% identity, 46% similarity), IL9R, IL4R and IL7R. It has been initially described as an orphan cytokine receptor, structurally related to the IL2Rbeta (Parrish-Novak, 2000; Ozaki, 2000). |
| Mutations |
| Note | Not yet described. Genetic polymorphisms of IL21R have been described (Heckert, 2003). The IL21 variant bearing the (T-83C) genetic polymorphism has been associated with increased IgE levels in females, suggesting a possible role of this IL21R polymorphism in allergy. |
| Implicated in |
| Entity | Multiple myeloma (MM) |
| Disease | IL21R is expressed on MM cell lines and primary cells. IL21 induced proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of IL6-dependent human myeloma cell lines. Tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) up-regulated the expression of IL21R and combinations of TNF and IL21 synergistically mediated myeloma cell proliferation. Four out of 9 purified primary myeloma cells showed increased DNA synthesis in response to IL21 (Brenne, 2002). |
| Entity | HTLV-I-infected cell lines and Acute T cell leukemia (ATL) |
| Disease | HTLV-I-infected cell lines and primary ATL cells expressed IL21R mRNA and surface protein. IL21 induced the proliferation of ATL cell lines and activated the phosphorylation of the STAT3 and STAT5. These findings suggest that the IL21/IL21R system may represent a target for the treatment of ATL (Ueda, 2005). |
| Entity | Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) |
| Disease | IL21R as well as IL21 are expressed by HL cells. IL21 activates STAT3 and STAT5 in HL cell lines. Expression of a constitutively active STAT5 molecule in normal human B cells immortalized them. These data suggest that the IL21/IL21R system may activate auto/para-crine loops involved in HL genesis via STAT5 activation (Sheeren, 2008). IL21 also protects HRS cells from CD95 death receptor-induced apoptosis and up-regulates the CC chemokine macrophage-inflammatory protein-3alpha ( MIP-3alpha ), which attracts regulatory T cells towards HL cells (Lamprecht, 2008). |
| Entity | B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (B-CLL) |
| Disease | B-CLL cells express IL21R at variable levels and stimuli such as CpG-ODN (Jahrsdorfer, 2006) or CD40L (de Totero, 2006) induce up-regulation of IL-21R expression. IL21 mediates apoptosis in B-CLL acting in synergy with these stimuli and may also cooperate with chemotherapy (fludarabine) or anti-CD20 therapeutic antibodies (Gowda, 2008). IL21 may limit the expansion of the CLL clone by inducing apoptosis and counteracting the mitogenic growth factors, such as IL15 (de Totero, 2008) and is being considered as a possible therapeutic agent in CLL (Gowda, 2008). |
| Entity | Follicular lymphoma (FL) |
| Disease | IL21R is expressed on FL cell lines and primary cells. In some FL cell lines IL21 induces apoptosis (Akamatsu, 2007). |
| Entity | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) |
| Disease | DLBCL is associated in about 28.6-35.5% with BCL6 translocation, which can involve either one of the immunoglobulin genes (IGs) but also other non-IG partners. IL21R gene represents one of such non-Ig fusion partners of BCL6 in the t(3;16) translocation (Ueda, 2002). |
| Cytogenetics | FISH of lymphoma metaphase cells revealed fusion signals that contained both the BCL6 and IL21R sequences on the der(3)t(3;16) chromosome. |
| Hybrid/Mutated Gene | As a result of the t(3;16) translocation, the promoter region of IL21R was substituted for the regulatory sequences of BCL6. RT-PCR analyses revealed the presence of a chimeric mRNA consisting of two non-coding exons 1a/1b of IL21R and coding exons of BCL6 in the two lymphoma cells. BCL6 was moderately expressed at the mRNA and protein level under the control of IL21R promoter (Ueda, 2002). |
| Abnormal Protein | None |
| Oncogenesis | Unknown role |
| Entity | Autoimmune diseases, allergy and neoplasia |
| Note | Several evidences in experimental murine models indicate that the IL21/IL21R system may be involved in immune-mediated disorders, such as autoimmune diabetes (Spolski, 2008b), arthritis (Jungel, 2004) and lupus (Herber, 2007). In view of its immune-enhancing activities IL21 has been regarded as a suitable molecule for cancer immunotherapy (reviewed in Di Carlo, 2007; Sploski, 2008a; Skak, 2008) and clinical phase I clinical trials in melanoma and renal carcinoma have shown acceptable toxicities and clinical activity (Thompson, 2008). In addition, the IL21/IL21R system may play a role in several hematological neoplasias that express the IL21R. The effects of IL21R signaling may however be strikingly different in different neoplastic conditions, as it may transduce mitogenic or survival signals or on the opposite trigger apoptotic cell death. Thus the IL21/IL21R system may represent a therapeutic target for inhibitory molecules in certain hematologic neoplasias, whereas in others IL21 may represent a possible therapeutic agent. |
| Entity | Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
| Disease | IL21R is expressed at high levels on intestinal epithelial cells and stomal fibroblasts in IBD. IL21 induced macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3alpha), a T-cell chemoattractant in epithelial cells. Therefore IL21 has been involved in the cross-talk between epithelial and immune cells in the gut (Caruso 2007b). |
| Entity | Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) |
| Disease | Both synovial macrophages and synovial fibroblasts expressed IL21R in synovial biopsy samples from RA patients. IL21R is associated with the activated phenotype of fibroblasts (Jungel, 2004). |
| Entity | Helicobacter pylori (HP) gastritis |
| Disease | Hp infection is associated with gastric inflammation. IL21R is expressed by primary gastric epithelial cells and cell lines, which respond to IL21 by increasing production of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Since IL21 is overexpressed in Hp-infected gastric mucosa it could contribute to increased epithelial gelatinase production (Caruso, 2007a). |
| Breakpoints |
| Note | Two t(3;16)(q27;p11) breakpoints on 16p11 are both localized within the intron 1 of IL-21R gene in two different DLBCL (Ueda, 2002). |
| External links |
| Bibliography |
| Genome duplications and other features in 12 Mb of DNA sequence from human chromosome 16p and 16q. |
| Loftus BJ, Kim UJ, Sneddon VP, Kalush F, Brandon R, Fuhrmann J, Mason T, Crosby ML, Barnstead M, Cronin L, Deslattes Mays A, Cao Y, Xu RX, Kang HL, Mitchell S, Eichler EE, Harris PC, Venter JC, Adams MD. |
| Genomics. 1999 Sep 15;60(3):295-308. |
| PMID 10493829 |
| Cloning of a type I cytokine receptor most related to the IL-2 receptor beta chain. |
| Ozaki K, Kikly K, Michalovich D, Young PR, Leonard WJ. |
| Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Oct 10;97(21):11439-44. |
| PMID 11016959 |
| Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function. |
| Parrish-Novak J, Dillon SR, Nelson A, Hammond A, Sprecher C, Gross JA, Johnston J, Madden K, Xu W, West J, Schrader S, Burkhead S, Heipel M, Brandt C, Kuijper JL, Kramer J, Conklin D, Presnell SR, Berry J, Shiota F, Bort S, Hambly K, Mudri S, Clegg C, Moore M, Grant FJ, Lofton-Day C, Gilbert T, Rayond F, Ching A, Yao L, Smith D, Webster P, Whitmore T, Maurer M, Kaushansky K, Holly RD, Foster D. |
| Nature. 2000 Nov 2;408(6808):57-63. |
| PMID 11081504 |
| Cutting edge: the common gamma-chain is an indispensable subunit of the IL-21 receptor complex. |
| Asao H, Okuyama C, Kumaki S, Ishii N, Tsuchiya S, Foster D, Sugamura K. |
| J Immunol. 2001 Jul 1;167(1):1-5. |
| PMID 11418623 |
| Interleukin-21 is a growth and survival factor for human myeloma cells. |
| Brenne AT, Ro TB, Waage A, Sundan A, Borset M, Hjorth-Hansen H. |
| Blood. 2002 May 15;99(10):3756-62. |
| PMID 11986233 |
| IL-21 limits NK cell responses and promotes antigen-specific T cell activation: a mediator of the transition from innate to adaptive immunity. |
| Kasaian MT, Whitters MJ, Carter LL, Lowe LD, Jussif JM, Deng B, Johnson KA, Witek JS, Senices M, Konz RF, Wurster AL, Donaldson DD, Collins M, Young DA, Grusby MJ. |
| Immunity. 2002 Apr;16(4):559-69. |
| PMID 11970879 |
| A critical role for IL-21 in regulating immunoglobulin production. |
| Ozaki K, Spolski R, Feng CG, Qi CF, Cheng J, Sher A, Morse HC 3rd, Liu C, Schwartzberg PL, Leonard WJ. |
| Science. 2002 Nov 22;298(5598):1630-4. |
| PMID 12446913 |
| The gene for interleukin-21 receptor is the partner of BCL6 in t(3;16)(q27;p11), which is recurrently observed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. |
| Ueda C, Akasaka T, Kurata M, Maesako Y, Nishikori M, Ichinohasama R, Imada K, Uchiyama T, Ohno H. |
| Oncogene. 2002 Jan 17;21(3):368-76. |
| PMID 11821949 |
| Novel genetic variation of human interleukin-21 receptor is associated with elevated IgE levels in females. |
| Hecker M, Bohnert A, Konig IR, Bein G, Hackstein H. |
| Genes Immun. 2003 Apr;4(3):228-33. |
| PMID 12700598 |
| IL-21 induces the apoptosis of resting and activated primary B cells. |
| Mehta DS, Wurster AL, Whitters MJ, Young DA, Collins M, Grusby MJ. |
| J Immunol. 2003 Apr 15;170(8):4111-8. |
| PMID 12682241 |
| IL-21 in synergy with IL-15 or IL-18 enhances IFN-gamma production in human NK and T cells. |
| Strengell M, Matikainen S, Siren J, Lehtonen A, Foster D, Julkunen I, Sareneva T. |
| J Immunol. 2003 Jun 1;170(11):5464-9. |
| PMID 12759422 |
| IL-21 induces tumor rejection by specific CTL and IFN-gamma-dependent CXC chemokines in syngeneic mice. |
| Di Carlo E, Comes A, Orengo AM, Rosso O, Meazza R, Musiani P, Colombo MP, Ferrini S. |
| J Immunol. 2004 Feb 1;172(3):1540-7. |
| PMID 14734732 |
| Distinct activation signals determine whether IL-21 induces B cell costimulation, growth arrest, or Bim-dependent apoptosis. |
| Jin H, Carrio R, Yu A, Malek TR. |
| J Immunol. 2004 Jul 1;173(1):657-65. |
| PMID 15210829 |
| Expression of interleukin-21 receptor, but not interleukin-21, in synovial fibroblasts and synovial macrophages of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. |
| Jungel A, Distler JH, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Seemayer CA, Seibl R, Forster A, Michel BA, Gay RE, Emmrich F, Gay S, Distler O. |
| Arthritis Rheum. 2004 May;50(5):1468-76. |
| PMID 15146416 |
| Regulation of B cell differentiation and plasma cell generation by IL-21, a novel inducer of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6. |
| Ozaki K, Spolski R, Ettinger R, Kim HP, Wang G, Qi CF, Hwu P, Shaffer DJ, Akilesh S, Roopenian DC, Morse HC 3rd, Lipsky PE, Leonard WJ. |
| J Immunol. 2004 Nov 1;173(9):5361-71. |
| PMID 15494482 |
| Expression of functional interleukin-21 receptor on adult T-cell leukaemia cells. |
| Ueda M, Imada K, Imura A, Koga H, Hishizawa M, Uchiyama T. |
| Br J Haematol. 2005 Jan;128(2):169-76. |
| PMID 15638850 |
| Interleukin-21 receptor gene induction in human T cells is mediated by T-cell receptor-induced Sp1 activity. |
| Wu Z, Kim HP, Xue HH, Liu H, Zhao K, Leonard WJ. |
| Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Nov;25(22):9741-52. |
| PMID 16260592 |
| Interleukin-21 receptor (IL-21R) is up-regulated by CD40 triggering and mediates proapoptotic signals in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. |
| de Totero D, Meazza R, Zupo S, Cutrona G, Matis S, Colombo M, Balleari E, Pierri I, Fabbi M, Capaia M, Azzarone B, Gobbi M, Ferrarini M, Ferrini S. |
| Blood. 2006 May 1;107(9):3708-15. Epub 2006 Jan 3. |
| PMID 16391014 |
| B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and other B cells can produce granzyme B and gain cytotoxic potential after interleukin-21-based activation. |
| Jahrsdorfer B, Blackwell SE, Wooldridge JE, Huang J, Andreski MW, Jacobus LS, Taylor CM, Weiner GJ. |
| Blood. 2006 Oct 15;108(8):2712-9. Epub 2006 Jun 29. |
| PMID 16809616 |
| High IL-21 receptor expression and apoptosis induction by IL-21 in follicular lymphoma. |
| Akamatsu N, Yamada Y, Hasegawa H, Makabe K, Asano R, Kumagai I, Murata K, Imaizumi Y, Tsukasaki K, Tsuruda K, Sugahara K, Atogami S, Yanagihara K, Kamihira S. |
| Cancer Lett. 2007 Oct 28;256(2):196-206. Epub 2007 Jul 10. |
| PMID 17624663 |
| A functional role for interleukin-21 in promoting the synthesis of the T-cell chemoattractant, MIP-3alpha, by gut epithelial cells. |
| Caruso R, Fina D, Peluso I, Stolfi C, Fantini MC, Gioia V, Caprioli F, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Paoluzi OA, Macdonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G. |
| Gastroenterology. 2007a Jan;132(1):166-75. Epub 2006 Oct 1. |
| PMID 17241869 |
| IL-21 is highly produced in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa and promotes gelatinases synthesis. |
| Caruso R, Fina D, Peluso I, Fantini MC, Tosti C, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Paoluzi OA, Caprioli F, Andrei F, Stolfi C, Romano M, Ricci V, MacDonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G. |
| J Immunol. 2007b May 1;178(9):5957-65. |
| PMID 17442980 |
| Role of IL-21 in immune-regulation and tumor immunotherapy. |
| di Carlo E, de Totero D, Piazza T, Fabbi M, Ferrini S. |
| Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2007 Sep;56(9):1323-34. Epub 2007 Apr 20. |
| PMID 17447063 |
| IL-21 has a pathogenic role in a lupus-prone mouse model and its blockade with IL-21R.Fc reduces disease progression. |
| Herber D, Brown TP, Liang S, Young DA, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K. |
| J Immunol. 2007 Mar 15;178(6):3822-30. |
| PMID 17339481 |
| IL-21 is produced by Th17 cells and drives IL-17 production in a STAT3-dependent manner. |
| Wei L, Laurence A, Elias KM, O'Shea JJ. |
| J Biol Chem. 2007 Nov 30;282(48):34605-10. Epub 2007 Sep 20. |
| PMID 17884812 |
| The molecular basis of IL-21-mediated proliferation. |
| Zeng R, Spolski R, Casas E, Zhu W, Levy DE, Leonard WJ. |
| Blood. 2007 May 15;109(10):4135-42. Epub 2007 Jan 18. |
| PMID 17234735 |
| The opposite effects of IL-15 and IL-21 on CLL B cells correlate with differential activation of the JAK/STAT and ERK1/2 pathways. |
| de Totero D, Meazza R, Capaia M, Fabbi M, Azzarone B, Balleari E, Gobbi M, Cutrona G, Ferrarini M, Ferrini S. |
| Blood. 2008 Jan 15;111(2):517-24. Epub 2007 Oct 15. |
| PMID 17938255 |
| IL-21 mediates apoptosis through up-regulation of the BH3 family member BIM and enhances both direct and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. |
| Gowda A, Roda J, Hussain SR, Ramanunni A, Joshi T, Schmidt S, Zhang X, Lehman A, Jarjoura D, Carson WE, Kindsvogel W, Cheney C, Caligiuri MA, Tridandapani S, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC. |
| Blood. 2008 May 1;111(9):4723-30. Epub 2008 Jan 8. |
| PMID 18182577 |
| Aberrant expression of the Th2 cytokine IL-21 in Hodgkin lymphoma cells regulates STAT3 signaling and attracts Treg cells via regulation of MIP-3alpha. |
| Lamprecht B, Kreher S, Anagnostopoulos I, Johrens K, Monteleone G, Jundt F, Stein H, Janz M, Dorken B, Mathas S. |
| Blood. 2008 Oct 15;112(8):3339-47. Epub 2008 Aug 6. |
| PMID 18684866 |
| IL-21 is expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma and activates STAT5: evidence that activated STAT5 is required for Hodgkin lymphomagenesis. |
| Scheeren FA, Diehl SA, Smit LA, Beaumont T, Naspetti M, Bende RJ, Blom B, Karube K, Ohshima K, van Noesel CJ, Spits H. |
| Blood. 2008 May 1;111(9):4706-15. Epub 2008 Feb 22. |
| PMID 18296629 |
| Interleukin 21: combination strategies for cancer therapy. |
| Skak K, Kragh M, Hausman D, Smyth MJ, Sivakumar PV. |
| Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 Mar;7(3):231-40. |
| PMID 18259184 |
| Interleukin-21: basic biology and implications for cancer and autoimmunity. |
| Spolski R, Leonard WJ. |
| Annu Rev Immunol. 2008a;26:57-79. |
| PMID 17953510 |
| IL-21 signaling is critical for the development of type I diabetes in the NOD mouse. |
| Spolski R, Kashyap M, Robinson C, Yu Z, Leonard WJ. |
| Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008b Sep 16;105(37):14028-33. Epub 2008 Sep 8. |
| PMID 18779574 |
| Phase I study of recombinant interleukin-21 in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. |
| Thompson JA, Curti BD, Redman BG, Bhatia S, Weber JS, Agarwala SS, Sievers EL, Hughes SD, DeVries TA, Hausman DF. |
| J Clin Oncol. 2008 Apr 20;26(12):2034-9. Epub 2008 Mar 17. |
| PMID 18347008 |
| REVIEW articles | automatic search in PubMed |
| Last year publications | automatic search in PubMed |
| Contributor(s) |
| Written | 10-2008 | Silvano Ferrini, Marina Fabbi |
| Lab of Immunotherapy Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy |
| Citation |
| This paper should be referenced as such : |
| Ferrini S, Fabbi M . IL21R (interleukin 21 receptor). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. October 2008 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/IL21RID40955ch16p12.html |
| © Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology | indexed on : Sat Feb 27 10:49:05 CET 2010 |
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