K-RAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog)

Identity

Other names	c-Ki-ras 2
Hugo	KRAS
Location	12p12

Note	more on the RAS family is available as a deep insight

DNA/RNA

	K-ras splicing variants alternative splicing of K-ras precursor mRNA leads to the two transcripts which differ by the ex- or inclusion of Exon 4a; Exons that encode protein are shown as black boxes, untranslated exons as white boxes; the upstream untranslated exon is indicated as Exon -1
Description	consists of six exons, spread over 35kb of genomic DNA.
Transcription	alternative RNA splicing reveals two different transcripts of 5.5 and 3.8kb (see Fig); if Exon 4a is skipped exon 4b is directly joined to exon 3; in 98% of the transcripts exon 4a is spliced out and only exon 4b is available for translation into protein.
Pseudogene	c-Ki-ras 1, inactivated, processed pseudogene which is located on Chromosome 6

Protein

Description	regular RAS protein - characterized in the RAS family page.
Expression	ubiquitously expressed
Localisation	anchored to the inner surface of the plasma membrane
Function	analogously to other GTP-binding proteins (such as Translation Elongation Factor EFTu or signal transducing G-Proteins) RAS proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways
Homology	ras gene family is part of the ras superfamily including the mammalian RAS, RAL, RAC, RHO, RAP, and RAB gene families and the yeast homologs like SEC4 and YPT1 genes; genes encode small monomeric proteins of low molecular mass (20-30 kDa) which share at least 30% homology to RAS proteins.

Implicated in

Entity	tumor (frequency of K-RAS mutations); references in Full Bibliography
Entity	pancreas (80-90%)
Entity	colon and rectum (25-60%)
Entity	lung (25-60%)
Entity	prostate (0-25%)
Entity	skin (0-25%)
Entity	thyroid (0-60%)
Entity	liver (10-25%)
Entity	ovary (0-50%)
Entity	endometrium (10-40%)
Entity	kidney (0-50%)
Entity	brain (0-15%)
Entity	testis (seminoma) (10-45%)
Entity	acute non lymphocytic leukemia and myelodysplasia (5-15%)
Entity	urinary bladder (5%)
Entity	head and neck (10%)
Entity	breast (10%)

External links

	Nomenclature
Hugo	KRAS
GDB	KRAS
Entrez_Gene	KRAS  3845  v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
	Cards
Atlas	KRASID91
GeneCards	KRAS
Ensembl	KRAS [Search_View]   ENSG00000133703 [Gene_View]
Genatlas	KRAS
GeneLynx	KRAS
eGenome	KRAS
euGene	3845
	Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath	KRAS  -  12p12   chr12:25249447-25295121 -  12p12.1   [Description]    (hg18-Mar_2006)
Ensembl	KRAS - 12p12.1 [CytoView]
NCBI	Mapview
OMIM	Disease map [OMIM]
HomoloGene	KRAS
	Gene and transcription
Genbank	AA812162 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	AF493917 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	AK292510 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BC010502 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BC013572 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_004985 [ SRS ]    NM_004985 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_033360 [ SRS ]    NM_033360 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	AC_000055 [ SRS ]    AC_000055 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NC_000012 [ SRS ]    NC_000012 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NT_009714 [ SRS ]    NT_009714 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NW_925328 [ SRS ]    NW_925328 [ ENTREZ ]
AceView	KRAS AceView - NCBI
Unigene	Hs.505033 [ SRS ]    Hs.505033 [ NCBI ]     HS505033 [ spliceNest ]
Fast-db	4076 (alternative variants)
	Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
SwissProt	P01116 [ SRS]    P01116 [ EXPASY ]     P01116 [ INTERPRO ]
Interpro	IPR003577 GTPase_Ras [ SRS ]    IPR003577 GTPase_Ras [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR013753 Ras [ SRS ]    IPR013753 Ras [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR015592 Ras_Ras_related [ SRS ]    IPR015592 Ras_Ras_related [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR001806 Ras_trnsfrmng [ SRS ]    IPR001806 Ras_trnsfrmng [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR005225 Small_GTP_bd [ SRS ]    IPR005225 Small_GTP_bd [ EBI ]
CluSTr	P01116
Pfam	PF00071 Ras [ SRS ]    PF00071 Ras [ Sanger ]    pfam00071 [ NCBI-CDD ]
Smart	SM00173 RAS [EMBL]
Blocks	P01116
PDB	1D8D [ SRS ]    1D8D [ PdbSum ],   1D8D [ IMB ]   1D8D [ RSDB ]
PDB	1D8E [ SRS ]    1D8E [ PdbSum ],   1D8E [ IMB ]   1D8E [ RSDB ]
PDB	2PMX [ SRS ]    2PMX [ PdbSum ],   2PMX [ IMB ]   2PMX [ RSDB ]
HPRD	01817
	Protein Interaction databases
DIP	P01116
IntAct	P01116
	Polymorphism : SNP, mutations, diseases
OMIM	109800;114480;137215;190070;211980;218040;260350;609942    [ map ]
GENECLINICS	109800;114480;137215;190070;211980;218040;260350;609942
SNP	KRAS [dbSNP-NCBI]
SNP	NM_004985 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	NM_033360 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	KRAS [GeneSNPs - Utah]  KRAS] [HGBASE - SRS]
HAPMAP	KRAS [HAPMAP]
COSMIC	KRAS [Somatic mutation (COSMIC-CGP-Sanger)]
HGMD	KRAS
	General knowledge
Family Browser	KRAS [UCSC Family Browser]
SOURCE	NM_004985
SOURCE	NM_033360
SMD	Hs.505033
SAGE	Hs.505033
GO	nucleotide binding [Amigo]  nucleotide binding
GO	GTPase activity [Amigo]  GTPase activity
GO	protein binding [Amigo]  protein binding
GO	GTP binding [Amigo]  GTP binding
GO	intracellular [Amigo]  intracellular
GO	membrane fraction [Amigo]  membrane fraction
GO	plasma membrane [Amigo]  plasma membrane
GO	small GTPase mediated signal transduction [Amigo]  small GTPase mediated signal transduction
GO	sensory perception of sound [Amigo]  sensory perception of sound
GO	positive regulation of cell proliferation [Amigo]  positive regulation of cell proliferation
GO	visual learning [Amigo]  visual learning
GO	actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis [Amigo]  actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
GO	regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic [Amigo]  regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
GO	positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction [Amigo]  positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction
GO	negative regulation of neuron apoptosis [Amigo]  negative regulation of neuron apoptosis
GO	regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity [Amigo]  regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity
GO	striated muscle cell differentiation [Amigo]  striated muscle cell differentiation
BIOCARTA	Telomeres, Telomerase, Cellular Aging, and Immortality    [Genes]
KEGG	MAPK signaling pathway
KEGG	Dorso-ventral axis formation
KEGG	Axon guidance
KEGG	VEGF signaling pathway
KEGG	Tight junction
KEGG	Gap junction
KEGG	Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
KEGG	T cell receptor signaling pathway
KEGG	B cell receptor signaling pathway
KEGG	Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway
KEGG	Long-term potentiation
KEGG	Long-term depression
KEGG	Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
KEGG	Insulin signaling pathway
KEGG	GnRH signaling pathway
KEGG	Colorectal cancer
PubGene	KRAS
TreeFam	KRAS
CTD	3845 [Comparative ToxicoGenomics Database]
	Other databases
	Probes
Probe	KRAS Related clones (RZPD - Berlin)
	PubMed
PubMed	210 Pubmed reference(s) in LocusLink

Bibliography

Human cancer and cellular oncogenes.

Nishimura S, Sekiya T

The Biochemical journal. 1987 ; 243 (2) : 313-327.

PMID 3307760

ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review.

Bos JL

Cancer research. 1989 ; 49 (17) : 4682-4689.

PMID 2547513

ras oncogenes: their role in neoplasia.

Barbacid M

European journal of clinical investigation. 1990 ; 20 (3) : 225-235.

PMID 2114981

ras activation in experimental carcinogenesis.

Mangues R, Pellicer A

Seminars in cancer biology. 1992 ; 3 (4) : 229-239.

PMID 1421167

REVIEW articles	automatic search in PubMed
Last year publications	automatic search in PubMed

Search in all EBI   NCBI

Contributor(s)

Written	02-1999	Franz Watzinger and Thomas Lion

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Watzinger F and Lion T . K-RAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. February 1999 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/KRASID91.html

© Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

indexed on : Wed Jul 2 08:24:35 2008