N-RAS (neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)

Identity

Hugo	NRAS
Location	1p13

Note	more on the RAS family is available as a deep insight

DNA/RNA

	evolution of two N-ras mRNA transcripts the slightly differing consensus sequence of the poly A addition site (AATATA instead of AATAAA) leads to inefficient processing and to two different RNA transcripts; exons that encode protein are shown as black boxes, untranslated exons as white boxes; the upstream untranslated exon is indicated as Exon -1
Description	consists of seven exons, spread over 8kb of genomic DNA
Transcription	inefficient processing of pre-mRNA reveals two different transcripts of 4.3kb and 2kb (see Fig), differing in the extension of the 3« end of the smaller message; the longer transcript is probably a result of an RNA-extension through the termination site

Protein

Description	p21N-ras; regular RAS protein - characterized in the page
Expression	ubiquitously expressed
Localisation	anchored to the inner surface of the plasma membrane
Function	analogously to other GTP-binding proteins (such as Translation Elongation Factor EFTu or signal transducing G-Proteins) RAS proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways
Homology	ras gene family is part of the ras superfamily including the mammalian RAS, RAL, RAC, RHO, RAP, and RAB gene families and the yeast homologs like SEC4 and YPT1 genes; genes encode small monomeric proteins of low molecular mass (20-30 kDa) which share at least 30% homology to RAS proteins

Implicated in

Entity	tumor (frequency of N-RAS mutations); references in Full Bibliography
Entity	acute non lymphocytic leukemia and myelodysplasia (20-40%)
Entity	chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia (0-10%)
Entity	brain (0-15%)
Entity	skin (0-20%)
Entity	thyroid (0-60%)
Entity	testis (0-40%)
Entity	stomach (gastric tumors) (5%)
Entity	testis liver (0-15%)

External links

	Nomenclature
Hugo	NRAS
GDB	NRAS
Entrez_Gene	NRAS  4893  neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog
	Cards
Atlas	NRASID92
GeneCards	NRAS
Ensembl	NRAS [Search_View]   ENSG00000009307 [Gene_View]
Genatlas	NRAS
GeneLynx	NRAS
eGenome	NRAS
euGene	4893
	Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath	NRAS  -  1p13   chr1:115051108-115061038 -  1p13.2   [Description]    (hg18-Mar_2006)
Ensembl	NRAS - 1p13.2 [CytoView]
NCBI	Mapview
OMIM	Disease map [OMIM]
HomoloGene	NRAS
	Gene and transcription
Genbank	AF493919 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BC005219 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BT019734 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BT019735 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	CR595772 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_002524 [ SRS ]    NM_002524 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	AC_000044 [ SRS ]    AC_000044 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NC_000001 [ SRS ]    NC_000001 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NT_019273 [ SRS ]    NT_019273 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NW_922462 [ SRS ]    NW_922462 [ ENTREZ ]
AceView	NRAS AceView - NCBI
Unigene	Hs.486502 [ SRS ]    Hs.486502 [ NCBI ]     HS486502 [ spliceNest ]
Fast-db	17146 (alternative variants)
	Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
SwissProt	P01111 [ SRS]    P01111 [ EXPASY ]     P01111 [ INTERPRO ]
Interpro	IPR003577 GTPase_Ras [ SRS ]    IPR003577 GTPase_Ras [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR013753 Ras [ SRS ]    IPR013753 Ras [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR015592 Ras_Ras_related [ SRS ]    IPR015592 Ras_Ras_related [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR001806 Ras_trnsfrmng [ SRS ]    IPR001806 Ras_trnsfrmng [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR005225 Small_GTP_bd [ SRS ]    IPR005225 Small_GTP_bd [ EBI ]
CluSTr	P01111
Pfam	PF00071 Ras [ SRS ]    PF00071 Ras [ Sanger ]    pfam00071 [ NCBI-CDD ]
Smart	SM00173 RAS [EMBL]
Blocks	P01111
HPRD	01273
	Protein Interaction databases
DIP	P01111
IntAct	P01111
	Polymorphism : SNP, mutations, diseases
OMIM	114500;164790;188470    [ map ]
GENECLINICS	114500;164790;188470
SNP	NRAS [dbSNP-NCBI]
SNP	NM_002524 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	NRAS [GeneSNPs - Utah]  NRAS] [HGBASE - SRS]
HAPMAP	NRAS [HAPMAP]
COSMIC	NRAS [Somatic mutation (COSMIC-CGP-Sanger)]
HGMD	NRAS
	General knowledge
Family Browser	NRAS [UCSC Family Browser]
SOURCE	NM_002524
SMD	Hs.486502
SAGE	Hs.486502
GO	Golgi membrane [Amigo]  Golgi membrane
GO	nucleotide binding [Amigo]  nucleotide binding
GO	GTPase activity [Amigo]  GTPase activity
GO	protein binding [Amigo]  protein binding
GO	GTP binding [Amigo]  GTP binding
GO	intracellular [Amigo]  intracellular
GO	membrane fraction [Amigo]  membrane fraction
GO	Golgi apparatus [Amigo]  Golgi apparatus
GO	plasma membrane [Amigo]  plasma membrane
GO	small GTPase mediated signal transduction [Amigo]  small GTPase mediated signal transduction
GO	positive regulation of cell proliferation [Amigo]  positive regulation of cell proliferation
GO	visual learning [Amigo]  visual learning
GO	actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis [Amigo]  actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
GO	regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic [Amigo]  regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
GO	positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction [Amigo]  positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction
GO	negative regulation of neuron apoptosis [Amigo]  negative regulation of neuron apoptosis
GO	regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity [Amigo]  regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity
GO	striated muscle cell differentiation [Amigo]  striated muscle cell differentiation
KEGG	MAPK signaling pathway
KEGG	Axon guidance
KEGG	VEGF signaling pathway
KEGG	Tight junction
KEGG	Gap junction
KEGG	Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
KEGG	T cell receptor signaling pathway
KEGG	B cell receptor signaling pathway
KEGG	Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway
KEGG	Long-term potentiation
KEGG	Long-term depression
KEGG	Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
KEGG	Insulin signaling pathway
KEGG	GnRH signaling pathway
PubGene	NRAS
TreeFam	NRAS
CTD	4893 [Comparative ToxicoGenomics Database]
	Other databases
	Probes
Probe	NRAS Related clones (RZPD - Berlin)
	PubMed
PubMed	69 Pubmed reference(s) in LocusLink

Bibliography

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Albino AP, Le Strange R, Oliff AI, Furth ME, Old LJ

Nature. 1984 ; 308 (5954) : 69-72.

PMID 6700714

A new oncogene in human thyroid papillary carcinomas and their lymph-nodal metastases.

Fusco A, Grieco M, Santoro M, Berlingieri MT, Pilotti S, Pierotti MA, Della Porta G, Vecchio G

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PMID 3600795

Human cancer and cellular oncogenes.

Nishimura S, Sekiya T

The Biochemical journal. 1987 ; 243 (2) : 313-327.

PMID 3307760

Incidence of ras gene mutations in neuroblastoma.

Ballas K, Lyons J, Janssen JW, Bartram CR

European journal of pediatrics. 1988 ; 147 (3) : 313-314.

PMID 3292251

The ras gene family and human carcinogenesis.

Bos JL

Mutation research. 1988 ; 195 (3) : 255-271.

PMID 3283542

Activated ras oncogenes in human thyroid cancers.

Lemoine NR, Mayall ES, Wyllie FS, Farr CJ, Hughes D, Padua RA, Thurston V, Williams ED, Wynford-Thomas D

Cancer research. 1988 ; 48 (16) : 4459-4463.

PMID 3293774

Detection of activated ras oncogenes in human thyroid carcinomas.

Suˆ°rez HG, Du Villard JA, Caillou B, Schlumberger M, Tubiana M, Parmentier C, Monier R

Oncogene. 1988 ; 2 (4) : 403-406.

PMID 3283656

ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review.

Bos JL

Cancer research. 1989 ; 49 (17) : 4682-4689.

PMID 2547513

High frequency of ras oncogene activation in all stages of human thyroid tumorigenesis.

Lemoine NR, Mayall ES, Wyllie FS, Williams ED, Goyns M, Stringer B, Wynford-Thomas D

Oncogene. 1989 ; 4 (2) : 159-164.

PMID 2648253

Activated ras genes in human seminoma: evidence for tumor heterogeneity.

Mulder MP, Keijzer W, Verkerk A, Boot AJ, Prins ME, Splinter TA, Bos JL

Oncogene. 1989 ; 4 (11) : 1345-1351.

PMID 2682461

N-ras mutations in human cutaneous melanoma from sun-exposed body sites.

van 't Veer LJ, Burgering BM, Versteeg R, Boot AJ, Ruiter DJ, Osanto S, Schrier PI, Bos JL

Molecular and cellular biology. 1989 ; 9 (7) : 3114-3116.

PMID 2674680

ras oncogenes: their role in neoplasia.

Barbacid M

European journal of clinical investigation. 1990 ; 20 (3) : 225-235.

PMID 2114981

Analysis of ras gene mutations in human hepatic malignant tumors by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing.

Tada M, Omata M, Ohto M

Cancer research. 1990 ; 50 (4) : 1121-1124.

PMID 2153451

No N-ras mutations in human uveal melanoma: the role of ultraviolet light revisited.

Mooy CM, Van der Helm MJ, Van der Kwast TH, De Jong PT, Ruiter DJ, Zwarthoff EC

British journal of cancer. 1991 ; 64 (2) : 411-413.

PMID 1892776

Infrequent point mutations in codons 12 and 61 of ras oncogenes in human hepatocellular carcinomas.

Challen C, Guo K, Collier JD, Cavanagh D, Bassendine MF

Journal of hepatology. 1992 ; 14 (2-3) : 342-346.

PMID 1323601

ras activation in experimental carcinogenesis.

Mangues R, Pellicer A

Seminars in cancer biology. 1992 ; 3 (4) : 229-239.

PMID 1421167

Detection of RAS mutations in archival testicular germ cell tumors by polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide hybridization.

Moul JW, Theune SM, Chang EH

Genes, chromosomes & cancer. 1992 ; 5 (2) : 109-118.

PMID 1381946

Multiple point mutation of N-ras and K-ras oncogenes in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia.

Nakagawa T, Saitoh S, Imoto S, Itoh M, Tsutsumi M, Hikiji K, Nakamura H, Matozaki S, Ogawa R, Nakao Y

Oncology. 1992 ; 49 (2) : 114-122.

PMID 1574246

High incidence of ras gene mutation in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Tada M, Omata M, Ohto M

Cancer. 1992 ; 69 (5) : 1115-1118.

PMID 1739910

N-ras gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: accurate detection by solid-phase minisequencing.

Syvˆ§nen AC, Sˆ�derlund H, Laaksonen E, Bengtstrˆ�m M, Turunen M, Palotie A

International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer. 1992 ; 50 (5) : 713-718.

PMID 1544704

K-ras oncogene codon 12 point mutations in testicular cancer.

Ridanpˆ§ˆ§ M, Lothe RA, Onfelt A, Fossˆ€ S, Bˆ½rresen AL, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K

Environmental health perspectives. 1993 ; 101 Suppl 3 : 185-187.

PMID 8143614

Investigation of the role of the ras protooncogene point mutation in human uveal melanomas.

Soparker CN, O'Brien JM, Albert DM

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 1993 ; 34 (7) : 2203-2209.

PMID 8505202

Prognostic importance of mutations in the ras proto-oncogenes in de novo acute myeloid leukemia.

Neubauer A, Dodge RK, George SL, Davey FR, Silver RT, Schiffer CA, Mayer RJ, Ball ED, Wurster-Hill D, Bloomfield CD

Blood. 1994 ; 83 (6) : 1603-1611.

PMID 8123851

Absence of N-ras mutations in myeloid and lymphoid blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Watzinger F, Gaiger A, Karlic H, Becher R, Pillwein K, Lion T

Cancer research. 1994 ; 54 (14) : 3934-3938.

PMID 8033117

Ras oncogene mutations in thyroid tumors: polymerase chain reaction-restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis from paraffin-embedded tissues.

Capella G, Matias-Guiu X, Ampudia X, de Leiva A, Perucho M, Prat J

Diagnostic molecular pathology : the American journal of surgical pathology, part B. 1996 ; 5 (1) : 45-52.

PMID 8919545

N-ras gene point mutations in Brazilian acute myelogenous leukemia patients correlate with a poor prognosis.

De Melo MB, Lorand-Metze I, Lima CS, Saad ST, Costa FF

Leukemia & lymphoma. 1997 ; 24 (3-4) : 309-317.

PMID 9156660

Mutation of ras oncogene in gastric adenocarcinoma: association with histological phenotype.

Kim TY, Bang YJ, Kim WS, Kang SH, Lee KU, Choe KJ, Kim NK

Anticancer research. 1997 ; 17 (2B) : 1335-1339.

PMID 9137494

Ras oncogene mutations in childhood brain tumors.

Maltzman TH, Mueller BA, Schroeder J, Rutledge JC, Patterson K, Preston-Martin S, Faustman EM

Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1997 ; 6 (4) : 239-243.

PMID 9107428

RAS, FMS and p53 mutations and poor clinical outcome in myelodysplasias: a 10-year follow-up.

Padua RA, Guinn BA, Al-Sabah AI, Smith M, Taylor C, Pettersson T, Ridge S, Carter G, White D, Oscier D, Chevret S, West R

Leukemia : official journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1998 ; 12 (6) : 887-892.

PMID 9639416

Correlation of N-ras point mutations with specific chromosomal abnormalities in primary myelodysplastic syndrome.

de Souza Fernandez T, Menezes de Souza J, Macedo Silva ML, Tabak D, Abdelhay E

Leukemia research. 1998 ; 22 (2) : 125-134.

PMID 9593469

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Contributor(s)

Written	02-1999	Franz Watzinger and Thomas Lion

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Watzinger F and Lion T . N-RAS (neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. February 1999 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/NRASID92.html

© Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

indexed on : Wed Jul 2 08:25:37 2008