S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B)

Identity

Other names	NEF
	S100
	S100Beta
Hugo	S100B
Location	21q22.3

DNA/RNA

Description	The gene encompasses 17.3 Kb of DNA; 3 exons (the first one contains the 5' untranslated region).
Transcription	1135 b mRNA; 279 b coding sequence.

Protein

Description	92 amino acids (including initial methionine that is generally processed in vivo); 10.5 kDa monomer (S100B can form homodimers and heterodimers with other proteins of the S100 family, described for S100A1).
Expression	S100B highest levels are found in brain. The protein is primarily found in astrocytes. Outside the central nervous system it can be found in chondrocytes and melanocytes.
Localisation	Nuclear and cytoplasmic. It has both intracellular and extracellular roles.
Function	The exact function of S100B is not fully understood. It inhibits microtubule assembly, has been involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and differentiation and is able to induce neurite extension. This latest effect seems to be dependent on the concentration of S100B and occurs at nanomolar concentrations. But micromolar levels of extracellular S100B stimulate apoptosis in vitro. Calcium binding induces a conformational change in S100B that allows the interaction with a variety of target proteins. These include p53 tumour suppressor, the microtubule-associated protein tau, the cytoskeletal protein tubulin (and its prokaryotic ancestor FtsZ), the scaffold protein IQGAP1, the intermediate filament protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),the actin capping protein CapZ and the giant phosphoprotein AHNAK. Over-expression of S100B has been proposed to play a role in different neuro-pathologies.
Homology	S100B belongs to the S100 family of calcium binding proteins, a highly homologous family. These proteins contain two EF-hand calcium binding domains. The S100 genes are present exclusively in vertebrates.

Mutations

Note	Have not been reported.

Implicated in

Disease	Overexpression of S100B has been generally linked to neurodegeneration. It is over-expressed in the brain of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The gene coding for S100B maps in the Down's syndrome region of chromosome 21, and its over-expression, due to the trisomic state, may be responsible for the neurological disturbances in Down's syndrome.
Oncogenesis	S100B may be involved in the proliferation of melanoma cells. It has been shown to be elevated in primary malignant melanomas. However, S100B is used as a predictor of survival prognosis as elevated levels of S100B in serum are associated with the survival rate.

External links

	Nomenclature
Hugo	S100B
GDB	S100B
Entrez_Gene	S100B  6285  S100 calcium binding protein B
	Cards
Atlas	S100BID42195ch21q22
GeneCards	S100B
Ensembl	S100B [Search_View]   ENSG00000160307 [Gene_View]
Genatlas	S100B
GeneLynx	S100B
eGenome	S100B
euGene	6285
	Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath	S100B  -  21q22.3   chr21:46842959-46849463 -  21q22.3   [Description]    (hg18-Mar_2006)
Ensembl	S100B - 21q22.3 [CytoView]
NCBI	Mapview
OMIM	Disease map [OMIM]
HomoloGene	S100B
	Gene and transcription
Genbank	AA310307 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BC001766 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BC041935 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	CR542123 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	DQ892491 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_006272 [ SRS ]    NM_006272 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	AC_000064 [ SRS ]    AC_000064 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NC_000021 [ SRS ]    NC_000021 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NT_011515 [ SRS ]    NT_011515 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NW_927384 [ SRS ]    NW_927384 [ ENTREZ ]
AceView	S100B AceView - NCBI
Unigene	Hs.422181 [ SRS ]    Hs.422181 [ NCBI ]     HS422181 [ spliceNest ]
Fast-db	5009 (alternative variants)
	Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
SwissProt	P04271 [ SRS]    P04271 [ EXPASY ]     P04271 [ INTERPRO ]
Prosite	PS00018 EF_HAND_1 [ SRS ]    PS00018 EF_HAND_1 [ Expasy ]
Prosite	PS50222 EF_HAND_2 [ SRS ]    PS50222 EF_HAND_2 [ Expasy ]
Prosite	PS00303 S100_CABP [ SRS ]    PS00303 S100_CABP [ Expasy ]
Interpro	IPR011992 EF-Hand_type [ SRS ]    IPR011992 EF-Hand_type [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR002048 EF_hand_Ca_bd [ SRS ]    IPR002048 EF_hand_Ca_bd [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR001751 S100_Ca_bd [ SRS ]    IPR001751 S100_Ca_bd [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR013787 S100_Ca_bd_sub [ SRS ]    IPR013787 S100_Ca_bd_sub [ EBI ]
CluSTr	P04271
Pfam	PF00036 efhand [ SRS ]    PF00036 efhand [ Sanger ]    pfam00036 [ NCBI-CDD ]
Pfam	PF01023 S_100 [ SRS ]    PF01023 S_100 [ Sanger ]    pfam01023 [ NCBI-CDD ]
Prodom	PD003407 CaBP_S100[INRA-Toulouse]
Prodom	P04271 S100B_HUMAN [ Domain structure ]   P04271 S100B_HUMAN  [ sequences sharing at least 1 domain ]
Prodom	PD003407[INRA-Toulouse]
Prodom	P04271 S100B_HUMAN [ Domain structure ]   P04271 S100B_HUMAN  [ sequences sharing at least 1 domain ]
Blocks	P04271
PDB	1MQ1 [ SRS ]    1MQ1 [ PdbSum ],   1MQ1 [ IMB ]   1MQ1 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1UWO [ SRS ]    1UWO [ PdbSum ],   1UWO [ IMB ]   1UWO [ RSDB ]
PDB	2H61 [ SRS ]    2H61 [ PdbSum ],   2H61 [ IMB ]   2H61 [ RSDB ]
HPRD	01505
	Protein Interaction databases
DIP	P04271
IntAct	P04271
	Polymorphism : SNP, mutations, diseases
OMIM	176990    [ map ]
GENECLINICS	176990
SNP	S100B [dbSNP-NCBI]
SNP	NM_006272 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	S100B [GeneSNPs - Utah]  S100B] [HGBASE - SRS]
HAPMAP	S100B [HAPMAP]
HGMD	S100B
	General knowledge
Family Browser	S100B [UCSC Family Browser]
SOURCE	NM_006272
SMD	Hs.422181
SAGE	Hs.422181
GO	ruffle [Amigo]  ruffle
GO	calcium ion binding [Amigo]  calcium ion binding
GO	nucleus [Amigo]  nucleus
GO	cytoplasm [Amigo]  cytoplasm
GO	cytoplasm [Amigo]  cytoplasm
GO	axonogenesis [Amigo]  axonogenesis
GO	central nervous system development [Amigo]  central nervous system development
GO	learning and/or memory [Amigo]  learning and/or memory
GO	zinc ion binding [Amigo]  zinc ion binding
GO	cell proliferation [Amigo]  cell proliferation
GO	protein homodimerization activity [Amigo]  protein homodimerization activity
GO	protein homodimerization activity [Amigo]  protein homodimerization activity
GO	S100 beta binding [Amigo]  S100 beta binding
GO	tau protein binding [Amigo]  tau protein binding
GO	calcium-dependent protein binding [Amigo]  calcium-dependent protein binding
PubGene	S100B
TreeFam	S100B
CTD	6285 [Comparative ToxicoGenomics Database]
	Other databases
	Probes
Probe	S100B Related clones (RZPD - Berlin)
	PubMed
PubMed	91 Pubmed reference(s) in LocusLink

Bibliography

Calcium-dependent interaction of S100b, troponin C, and calmodulin with an immobilized phenothiazine.

Marshak DR, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1981 ; 78 (11) : 6793-6797.

PMID 6947252

Ions binding to S100 proteins: structural changes induced by calcium and zinc on S100a and S100b proteins.

Baudier J, Gˆ©rard D

Biochemistry. 1983 ; 22 (14) : 3360-3369.

PMID 6615778

Comparison of S100b protein with calmodulin: interactions with melittin and microtubule-associated tau proteins and inhibition of phosphorylation of tau proteins by protein kinase C.

Baudier J, Mochly-Rosen D, Newton A, Lee SH, Koshland DE Jr, Cole RD

Biochemistry. 1987 ; 26 (10) : 2886-2893.

PMID 3111527

Gene encoding the beta subunit of S100 protein is on chromosome 21: implications for Down syndrome.

Allore R, O'Hanlon D, Price R, Neilson K, Willard HF, Cox DR, Marks A, Dunn RJ

Science (New York, N.Y.). 1988 ; 239 (4845) : 1311-1313.

PMID 2964086

Interactions between the microtubule-associated tau proteins and S100b regulate tau phosphorylation by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.

Baudier J, Cole RD

The Journal of biological chemistry. 1988 ; 263 (12) : 5876-5883.

PMID 2833519

The Ca2+-binding sequence in bovine brain S100b protein beta-subunit. A spectroscopic study.

Baudier J, Cole RD

The Biochemical journal. 1989 ; 264 (1) : 79-85.

PMID 2604719

Characterization of the tumor suppressor protein p53 as a protein kinase C substrate and a S100b-binding protein.

Baudier J, Delphin C, Grunwald D, Khochbin S, Lawrence JJ

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1992 ; 89 (23) : 11627-11631.

PMID 1454855

Astrocytosis and axonal proliferation in the hippocampus of S100b transgenic mice.

Reeves RH, Yao J, Crowley MR, Buck S, Zhang X, Yarowsky P, Gearhart JD, Hilt DC

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1994 ; 91 (12) : 5359-5363.

PMID 8202493

Solution structure of rat apo-S100B(beta beta) as determined by NMR spectroscopy.

Drohat AC, Amburgey JC, Abildgaard F, Starich MR, Baldisseri D, Weber DJ

Biochemistry. 1996 ; 35 (36) : 11577-11588.

PMID 8794737

The solution structure of the bovine S100B protein dimer in the calcium-free state.

Kilby PM, Van Eldik LJ, Roberts GC

Structure (London, England : 1993). 1996 ; 4 (9) : 1041-1052.

PMID 8805590

S100B protein, 5-S-cysteinyldopa and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid as biochemical markers for survival prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma.

Kˆ§rnell R, von Schoultz E, Hansson LO, Nilsson B, Arstrand K, Kˆ€gedal B

Melanoma research. 1997 ; 7 (5) : 393-399.

PMID 9429222

Identification of the binding site on S100B protein for the actin capping protein CapZ.

Kilby PM, Van Eldik LJ, Roberts GC

Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society. 1997 ; 6 (12) : 2494-2503.

PMID 9416599

Solution structure of calcium-bound rat S100B(betabeta) as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,.

Drohat AC, Baldisseri DM, Rustandi RR, Weber DJ

Biochemistry. 1998 ; 37 (9) : 2729-2740.

PMID 9485423

Calcium regulation of Ndr protein kinase mediated by S100 calcium-binding proteins.

Millward TA, Heizmann CW, Schˆ§fer BW, Hemmings BA

The EMBO journal. 1998 ; 17 (20) : 5913-5922.

PMID 9774336

The Ca(2+)-dependent interaction of S100B(beta beta) with a peptide derived from p53.

Rustandi RR, Drohat AC, Baldisseri DM, Wilder PT, Weber DJ

Biochemistry. 1998 ; 37 (7) : 1951-1960.

PMID 9485322

Calcium and S100B regulation of p53-dependent cell growth arrest and apoptosis.

Scotto C, Deloulme JC, Rousseau D, Chambaz E, Baudier J

Molecular and cellular biology. 1998 ; 18 (7) : 4272-4281.

PMID 9632811

Association of S100B with intermediate filaments and microtubules in glial cells.

Sorci G, Agneletti AL, Bianchi R, Donato R

Biochimica et biophysica acta. 1998 ; 1448 (2) : 277-289.

PMID 9920418

Calcium-dependent interaction of S100B with the C-terminal domain of the tumor suppressor p53.

Delphin C, Ronjat M, Deloulme JC, Garin G, Debussche L, Higashimoto Y, Sakaguchi K, Baudier J

The Journal of biological chemistry. 1999 ; 274 (15) : 10539-10544.

PMID 10187847

Concerted regulation of wild-type p53 nuclear accumulation and activation by S100B and calcium-dependent protein kinase C.

Scotto C, Delphin C, Deloulme JC, Baudier J

Molecular and cellular biology. 1999 ; 19 (10) : 7168-7180.

PMID 10490652

Structure of the negative regulatory domain of p53 bound to S100B(betabeta).

Rustandi RR, Baldisseri DM, Weber DJ

Nature structural biology. 2000 ; 7 (7) : 570-574.

PMID 10876243

Glial protein S100B modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity.

Nishiyama H, Knopfel T, Endo S, Itohara S

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 ; 99 (6) : 4037-4042.

PMID 11891290

S100B inhibits myogenic differentiation and myotube formation in a RAGE-independent manner.

Sorci G, Riuzzi F, Agneletti AL, Marchetti C, Donato R

Molecular and cellular biology. 2003 ; 23 (14) : 4870-4881.

PMID 12832473

Proteins of the S100 family regulate the oligomerization of p53 tumor suppressor.

Fernandez-Fernandez MR, Veprintsev DB, Fersht AR

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005 ; 102 (13) : 4735-4740.

PMID 15781852

S100B-induced microglial and neuronal IL-1 expression is mediated by cell type-specific transcription factors.

Liu L, Li Y, Van Eldik LJ, Griffin WS, Barger SW

Journal of neurochemistry. 2005 ; 92 (3) : 546-553.

PMID 15659225

Key role of Src kinase in S100B-induced activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Reddy MA, Li SL, Sahar S, Kim YS, Xu ZG, Lanting L, Natarajan R

The Journal of biological chemistry. 2006 ; 281 (19) : 13685-13693.

PMID 16551628

Expression of S100B during embryonic development of the mouse cerebellum.

Hachem S, Laurenson AS, Hugnot JP, Legraverend C

BMC developmental biology. 2007 ; 7 : page 17.

PMID 17362503

Evidence for a wide extra-astrocytic distribution of S100B in human brain.

Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Bielau H, Berndt A, Brisch R, Mawrin C, Keilhoff G, Bogerts B

BMC neuroscience. 2007 ; 8 : page 2.

PMID 17199889

REVIEW articles	automatic search in PubMed
Last year publications	automatic search in PubMed

Search in all EBI   NCBI

Contributor(s)

Written	05-2007	M Rosario Fernandez-Fernandez, Alan R Fersht
		Centre for Protein Engineering, Medical Research Council, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Fernandez-Fernandez MR, Fersht AR . S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. May 2007 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/S100BID42195ch21q22.html

© Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

indexed on : Wed Jul 2 08:26:56 2008