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XPA

Identity

Other namesXPAC xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A
HGNC XPA
Location 9q22.3-9q22.3
Location_base_pair Starts at 99477012 and ends at 99499512 bp from pter (hg18-Mar_2006).

DNA/RNA

Description human xeroderma pigmentosum group A 25kbp, six exons, 2 polyadenylation signals
Transcription 1377 b mRNA; suggestion of 1 major transcript; promoter G+C rich (73%); one CAAT box and no TATA box.

Protein

Description 273 amino acids, 31 kDa. DNA excision repair protein. The functional domain for damaged DNA recognition contains a zinc-finger motif with 4 cysteine residues : Cys-X2-Cys-X17-Cys-X2-Cys motif and a glutamic acid cluster encoded by Exon 2. The nuclear localization signal is located in Exon 1.
Expression ubiquitous
Localisation nuclear
Function Initiates DNA repair by binding to damaged sites with various affinities, depending upon the chemical structure of the lesion
Two proteins have been identified and implicated in (one of) the first steps of Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), i.e. the recognition of lesions in the DNA: the XPA gene product and the XPC gene product. Cells from XPA patients are extremely sensitive to UV and have very low nucleotide excision repair activity. In vitro the XPA protein binds preferentially to damaged DNA compared to nondamaged DNA. The XPA protein binds to replication protein A (RPA) which enhances the affinity of XPA for damaged DNA and is essential for NER. The XPA protein has been shown to bind to ERCC1 and TFIIH. It is possible that the complex XPA/RPA may tell to the repair machinery which strand contained the damage and therefore should be eliminated.
Homology Xpac (FlyBase ID) ; Xpa (MGI)

Mutations

Germinal 13 nucleotide substitutions and 5 small insertion/deletion in patients

Implicated in

Entity xeroderma pigmentosum XPA
Disease predisposition to skin cancer: early skin tumours ( basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma); early internal tumours
  

External links

Nomenclature
HGNCXPA   12814
Entrez_GeneXPA  7507  xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A
Cards
AtlasXPAID104
GeneCardsXPA
EnsemblXPA [Search_View]   ENSG00000136936 [Gene_View]
GenatlasXPA
GeneLynxXPA
eGenomeXPA
euGene7507
Genomic and cartography
GoldenPathXPA  -     chr9:99477012-99499512 -  9q22.3   [Description]    (hg18-Mar_2006)
EnsemblXPA - 9q22.3 [CytoView]
NCBIMapview
OMIMDisease map [OMIM]
HomoloGeneXPA
Gene and transcription
GenbankBC014965 [ ENTREZ ]
GenbankBT019518 [ ENTREZ ]
GenbankCB155090 [ ENTREZ ]
GenbankCR601727 [ ENTREZ ]
GenbankCR624117 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeqNM_000380 [ SRS ]    NM_000380 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeqAC_000052 [ SRS ]    AC_000052 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeqAC_000141 [ SRS ]    AC_000141 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeqNC_000009 [ SRS ]    NC_000009 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeqNT_008470 [ SRS ]    NT_008470 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeqNW_001839236 [ SRS ]    NW_001839236 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeqNW_924539 [ SRS ]    NW_924539 [ ENTREZ ]
AceViewXPA AceView - NCBI
UnigeneHs.654364 [ SRS ]    Hs.654364 [ NCBI ]     HS654364 [ spliceNest ]
Fast-db11675 (alternative variants)
Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
SwissProtP23025 [ SRS]    P23025 [ EXPASY ]     P23025 [ INTERPRO ]     P23025 [ UNIPROT ]
PrositePS00752 XPA_1 [ SRS ]    PS00752 XPA_1 [ Expasy ]
PrositePS00753 XPA_2 [ SRS ]    PS00753 XPA_2 [ Expasy ]
InterproIPR000465 XPA [ SRS ]    IPR000465 XPA [ EBI ]
CluSTrP23025
PfamPF05181 XPA_C [ SRS ]    PF05181 XPA_C [ Sanger ]    pfam05181 [ NCBI-CDD ]
PfamPF01286 XPA_N [ SRS ]    PF01286 XPA_N [ Sanger ]    pfam01286 [ NCBI-CDD ]
BlocksP23025
PDB1D4U [ SRS ]    1D4U [ PdbSum ],   1D4U [ IMB ]   1D4U [ RSDB ]
PDB1XPA [ SRS ]    1XPA [ PdbSum ],   1XPA [ IMB ]   1XPA [ RSDB ]
HPRD02045
Protein Interaction databases
DIPP23025
IntActP23025
Polymorphism : SNP, mutations, diseases
OMIM278700;611153    [ map ]   
GENECLINICS278700;611153
SNPXPA [dbSNP-NCBI]  
SNPNM_000380 [SNP-NCI]  
SNPXPA [GeneSNPs - Utah]  XPA] [HGBASE - SRS]
HAPMAPXPA [HAPMAP]  
COSMICXPA [Somatic mutation (COSMIC-CGP-Sanger)]  
HGMDXPA
General knowledge
Family BrowserXPA [UCSC Family Browser]
SOURCENM_000380
SMDHs.654364
SAGEHs.654364
GOnucleotide binding [Amigo]  nucleotide binding
GOnucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage removal [Amigo]  nucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage removal
GOdamaged DNA binding [Amigo]  damaged DNA binding
GOnucleus [Amigo]  nucleus
GOnucleoplasm [Amigo]  nucleoplasm
GOzinc ion binding [Amigo]  zinc ion binding
GOprotein domain specific binding [Amigo]  protein domain specific binding
GOprotein homodimerization activity [Amigo]  protein homodimerization activity
GOmetal ion binding [Amigo]  metal ion binding
PubGeneXPA
TreeFamXPA
CTD7507 [Comparative ToxicoGenomics Database]
Other databases
Probes
ProbeXPA Related clones (RZPD - Berlin)
PubMed
PubMed87 Pubmed reference(s) in Entrez

Bibliography

High prevalence of the point mutation in exon 6 of the xeroderma pigmentosum group A-complementing (XPAC) gene in xeroderma pigmentosum group A patients in Tunisia.
Nishigori C, Zghal M, Yagi T, Imamura S, Komoun MR, Takebe H
American journal of human genetics. 1993 ; 53 (5) : 1001-1006.
PMID 8105686
 
The XPA protein is a zinc metalloprotein with an ability to recognize various kinds of DNA damage.
Asahina H, Kuraoka I, Shirakawa M, Morita EH, Miura N, Miyamoto I, Ohtsuka E, Okada Y, Tanaka K
Mutation research. 1994 ; 315 (3) : 229-237.
PMID 7526200
 
Mutation and expression of the XPA gene in revertants and hybrids of a xeroderma pigmentosum cell line.
Cleaver JE, McDowell M, Jones C, Wood R, Karentz D
Somatic cell and molecular genetics. 1994 ; 20 (4) : 327-337.
PMID 7974007
 
Siblings with xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A with different skin cancer development: importance of sun protection at an early age.
Kondoh M, Ueda M, Nakagawa K, Ichihashi M
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 ; 31 (6) : 993-996.
PMID 7962783
 
Formation of a ternary complex by human XPA, ERCC1, and ERCC4(XPF) excision repair proteins.
Park CH, Sancar A
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1994 ; 91 (11) : 5017-5021.
PMID 8197175
 
Mammalian DNA nucleotide excision repair reconstituted with purified protein components.
Aboussekhra A, Biggerstaff M, Shivji MK, Vilpo JA, Moncollin V, Podust VN, ProtiŸá M, Hˆºbscher U, Egly JM, Wood RD
Cell. 1995 ; 80 (6) : 859-868.
PMID 7697716
 
Development of a new easy complementation assay for DNA repair deficient human syndromes using cloned repair genes.
Carreau M, Eveno E, Quilliet X, Chevalier-Lagente O, Benoit A, Tanganelli B, Stefanini M, Vermeulen W, Hoeijmakers JH, Sarasin A
Carcinogenesis. 1995 ; 16 (5) : 1003-1009.
PMID 7767957
 
Overexpression of the XPA repair gene increases resistance to ultraviolet radiation in human cells by selective repair of DNA damage.
Cleaver JE, Charles WC, McDowell ML, Sadinski WJ, Mitchell DL
Cancer research. 1995 ; 55 (24) : 6152-6160.
PMID 8521407
 
A deletion and an insertion in the alleles for the xeroderma pigmentosum (XPA) DNA-binding protein in mildly affected patients.
Cleaver JE, Charles WC, Thomas GH, McDowell ML
Human molecular genetics. 1995 ; 4 (9) : 1685-1687.
PMID 8541864
 
Expression of a transfected DNA repair gene (XPA) in xeroderma pigmentosum group A cells restores normal DNA repair and mutagenesis of UV-treated plasmids.
Levy DD, Saijo M, Tanaka K, Kraemer KH
Carcinogenesis. 1995 ; 16 (7) : 1557-1563.
PMID 7614689
 
DNA repair protein XPA binds replication protein A (RPA).
Matsuda T, Saijo M, Kuraoka I, Kobayashi T, Nakatsu Y, Nagai A, Enjoji T, Masutani C, Sugasawa K, Hanaoka F
The Journal of biological chemistry. 1995 ; 270 (8) : 4152-4157.
PMID 7876167
 
The general transcription-repair factor TFIIH is recruited to the excision repair complex by the XPA protein independent of the TFIIE transcription factor.
Park CH, Mu D, Reardon JT, Sancar A
The Journal of biological chemistry. 1995 ; 270 (9) : 4896-4902.
PMID 7876263
 
Increased susceptibility to ultraviolet-B and carcinogens of mice lacking the DNA excision repair gene XPA.
de Vries A, van Oostrom CT, Hofhuis FM, Dortant PM, Berg RJ, de Gruijl FR, Wester PW, van Kreijl CF, Capel PJ, van Steeg H
Nature. 1995 ; 377 (6545) : 169-173.
PMID 7675086
 
Two novel splicing mutations in the XPA gene in patients with group A xeroderma pigmentosum.
Satokata I, Uchiyama M, Tanaka K
Human molecular genetics. 1995 ; 4 (10) : 1993-1994.
PMID 8595429
 
Identification of a damaged-DNA binding domain of the XPA protein.
Kuraoka I, Morita EH, Saijo M, Matsuda T, Morikawa K, Shirakawa M, Tanaka K
Mutation research. 1996 ; 362 (1) : 87-95.
PMID 8538652
 
Sequential binding of DNA repair proteins RPA and ERCC1 to XPA in vitro.
Saijo M, Kuraoka I, Masutani C, Hanaoka F, Tanaka K
Nucleic acids research. 1996 ; 24 (23) : 4719-4724.
PMID 8972858
 
Splice site mutations in a xeroderma pigmentosum group A patient with delayed onset of neurological disease.
States JC, Myrand SP
Mutation research. 1996 ; 363 (3) : 171-177.
PMID 8765158
 
Xpa knockout mice.
de Vries A, van Steeg H
Seminars in cancer biology. 1996 ; 7 (5) : 229-240.
PMID 9110400
 
Relative susceptibilities of XPA knockout mice and their heterozygous and wild-type littermates to UVB-induced skin cancer.
Berg RJ, de Vries A, van Steeg H, de Gruijl FR
Cancer research. 1997 ; 57 (4) : 581-584.
PMID 9044829
 
Human nucleotide excision repair protein XPA: expression and NMR backbone assignments of the 14.7 kDa minimal damaged DNA binding domain (Met98-Phe219).
Buchko GW, Ni S, Thrall BD, Kennedy MA
Journal of biomolecular NMR. 1997 ; 10 (3) : 313-314.
PMID 9390412
 
Human nucleotide excision repair protein XPA: 1H NMR and CD solution studies of a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to the zinc-binding domain (101-141).
Buchko GW, Kennedy MA
Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics. 1997 ; 14 (6) : 677-690.
PMID 9195337
 
The DNA damage-recognition problem in human and other eukaryotic cells: the XPA damage binding protein.
Cleaver JE, States JC
The Biochemical journal. 1997 ; 328 ( Pt 1) : 1-12.
PMID 9359827
 
Loss of the xeroderma pigmentosum group A gene (XPA) enhances apoptosis of cultured cerebellar neurons induced by UV but not by low-K+ medium.
Enokido Y, Inamura N, Araki T, Satoh T, Nakane H, Yoshino M, Nakatsu Y, Tanaka K, Hatanaka H
Journal of neurochemistry. 1997 ; 69 (1) : 246-251.
PMID 9202316
 
Quantification of XPA gene expression levels in human and mouse cell lines by competitive RT-PCR.
Layher SK, Cleaver JE
Mutation research. 1997 ; 383 (1) : 9-19.
PMID 9042415
 
DNA damage recognition by XPA protein promotes efficient recruitment of transcription factor II H.
Nocentini S, Coin F, Saijo M, Tanaka K, Egly JM
The Journal of biological chemistry. 1997 ; 272 (37) : 22991-22994.
PMID 9287294
 
Induction of DNA adducts and mutations in spleen, liver and lung of XPA-deficient/lacZ transgenic mice after oral treatment with benzo[a]pyrene: correlation with tumour development.
de Vries A, Dollˆ© ME, Broekhof JL, Muller JJ, Kroese ED, van Kreijl CF, Capel PJ, Vijg J, van Steeg H
Carcinogenesis. 1997 ; 18 (12) : 2327-2332.
PMID 9450477
 
Spontaneous liver tumors and benzo[a]pyrene-induced lymphomas in XPA-deficient mice.
de Vries A, van Oostrom CT, Dortant PM, Beems RB, van Kreijl CF, Capel PJ, van Steeg H
Molecular carcinogenesis. 1997 ; 19 (1) : 46-53.
PMID 9180928
 
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer corrects DNA repair defect of xeroderma pigmentosum cells of complementation groups A, B and C.
Zeng L, Quilliet X, Chevallier-Lagente O, Eveno E, Sarasin A, Mezzina M
Gene therapy. 1997 ; 4 (10) : 1077-1084.
PMID 9415314
 
Solution structure of the DNA- and RPA-binding domain of the human repair factor XPA.
Ikegami T, Kuraoka I, Saijo M, Kodo N, Kyogoku Y, Morikawa K, Tanaka K, Shirakawa M
Nature structural biology. 1998 ; 5 (8) : 701-706.
PMID 9699634
 
Mutational analysis of a function of xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein in strand-specific DNA repair.
Kobayashi T, Takeuchi S, Saijo M, Nakatsu Y, Morioka H, Otsuka E, Wakasugi M, Nikaido O, Tanaka K
Nucleic acids research. 1998 ; 26 (20) : 4662-4668.
PMID 9753735
 
Interactions of the transcription/DNA repair factor TFIIH and XP repair proteins with DNA lesions in a cell-free repair assay.
Li RY, Calsou P, Jones CJ, Salles B
Journal of molecular biology. 1998 ; 281 (2) : 211-218.
PMID 9698541
 
Distribution of mutations in the human xeroderma pigmentosum group A gene and their relationships to the functional regions of the DNA damage recognition protein.
States JC, McDuffie ER, Myrand SP, McDowell M, Cleaver JE
Human mutation. 1998 ; 12 (2) : 103-113.
PMID 9671271
 
Strand specificity and absence of hot spots for p53 mutations in ultraviolet B-induced skin tumors of XPA-deficient mice.
Takeuchi S, Nakatsu Y, Nakane H, Murai H, Hirota S, Kitamura Y, Okuyama A, Tanaka K
Cancer research. 1998 ; 58 (4) : 641-646.
PMID 9485015
 
Retrovirus-mediated DNA repair gene transfer into xeroderma pigmentosum cells: perspectives for a gene therapy.
Zeng L, Sarasin A, Mezzina M
Cell biology and toxicology. 1998 ; 14 (2) : 105-110.
PMID 9553721
 
Mouse model for the DNA repair/basal transcription disorder trichothiodystrophy reveals cancer predisposition.
de Boer J, van Steeg H, Berg RJ, Garssen J, de Wit J, van Oostrum CT, Beems RB, van der Horst GT, van Kreijl CF, de Gruijl FR, Bootsma D, Hoeijmakers JH, Weeda G
Cancer research. 1999 ; 59 (14) : 3489-3494.
PMID 10416615
 
A novel function of emodin: enhancement of the nucleotide excision repair of UV- and cisplatin-induced DNA damage in human cells.
Chang LC, Sheu HM, Huang YS, Tsai TR, Kuo KW
Biochemical pharmacology. 1999 ; 58 (1) : 49-57.
PMID 10403518
 
A summary of mutations in the UV-sensitive disorders: xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy.
Cleaver JE, Thompson LH, Richardson AS, States JC
Human mutation. 1999 ; 14 (1) : 9-22.
PMID 10447254
 
Neurodegeneration in hereditary nucleotide repair disorders.
Itoh M, Hayashi M, Shioda K, Minagawa M, Isa F, Tamagawa K, Morimatsu Y, Oda M
Brain & development. 1999 ; 21 (5) : 326-333.
PMID 10413020
 
Functional studies on the interaction between human replication protein A and Xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein (XPA).
Lee BE, Sung JW, Kim DK, Lee JR, Kim ND, Kang SW, Kim DK
Molecules and cells. 1999 ; 9 (2) : 185-190.
PMID 10340474
 
Order of assembly of human DNA repair excision nuclease.
Wakasugi M, Sancar A
The Journal of biological chemistry. 1999 ; 274 (26) : 18759-18768.
PMID 10373492
 
Nucleotide excision repair of DNA with recombinant human proteins: definition of the minimal set of factors, active forms of TFIIH, and modulation by CAK.
Araˆ†jo SJ, Tirode F, Coin F, Pospiech H, Syvˆ§oja JE, Stucki M, Hˆºbscher U, Egly JM, Wood RD
Genes & development. 2000 ; 14 (3) : 349-359.
PMID 10673506
 
Stable binding of human XPC complex to irradiated DNA confers strong discrimination for damaged sites.
Batty D, Rapic'-Otrin V, Levine AS, Wood RD
Journal of molecular biology. 2000 ; 300 (2) : 275-290.
PMID 10873465
 
Damage recognition in nucleotide excision repair of DNA.
Batty DP, Wood RD
Gene. 2000 ; 241 (2) : 193-204.
PMID 10675030
 
Identification of four single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes: XPA and XPB (ERCC3) in Polish population.
Butkiewicz D, Rusin M, Harris CC, Chorazy M
Human mutation. 2000 ; 15 (6) : 577-578.
PMID 10862089
 
Three-dimensional structural views of damaged-DNA recognition: T4 endonuclease V, E. coli Vsr protein, and human nucleotide excision repair factor XPA.
Morikawa K, Shirakawa M
Mutation research. 2000 ; 460 (3-4) : 257-275.
PMID 10946233
 
XAB2, a novel tetratricopeptide repeat protein involved in transcription-coupled DNA repair and transcription.
Nakatsu Y, Asahina H, Citterio E, Rademakers S, Vermeulen W, Kamiuchi S, Yeo JP, Khaw MC, Saijo M, Kodo N, Matsuda T, Hoeijmakers JH, Tanaka K
The Journal of biological chemistry. 2000 ; 275 (45) : 34931-34937.
PMID 10944529
 
Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in nucleotide excision repair-deficient XPA knock out mice.
van Steeg H, Mullenders LH, Vijg J
Mutation research. 2000 ; 450 (1-2) : 167-180.
PMID 10838141
 
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Contributor(s)

Written02-2001Anne Stary and Alain Sarasin

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :
Stary A, Sarasin A . XPA. Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. February 2001 .
URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/XPAID104.html

© Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
indexed on : Sat Oct 11 12:58:51 2008


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