dic(7;9)(p11-13;p11)

Abstract

Dicentric (7;9)(p11-13;p11) is a rare but recurrent abnormality in pediatric and adult precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). The rarity precludes a deep understanding of its biology and associated prognosis. However, recent findings have correlated dic(7;9) and PAX5 mutations, highlighting this cytogenetic event's involvement in leukemogenesis and may also shed light on the overall prognosis of dic(7;9) B-ALL.

Keywords

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, dicentric translocation, PAX5, chromosome 7, chromosome 9.

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Identity

ICD-Topo	C420,C421,C424 BLOOD, BONE MARROW, & HEMATOPOIETIC SYS
ICD-Morpho	9811/3 B lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma, NOS
Atlas_Id	1054
	Figure 1: dic(7;9)(p11-13;p11) G-banding - Courtesy Cytogenetics Laboratory of the CCRI, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna.

Clinics and Pathology

Disease	ALL
Phenotype / cell stem origin	FAB L1 phenotype; pre-B immunophenotype, cIg+ or cIg-
Epidemiology	There have been 36 cases of dic(7;9)(p11-13;p11) currently identified in the literature, 17 (47.2%) of which are pediatric cases. This rare translocation makes up < 1% of childhood ALL, It is most commonly found in younger children, age ≤ 6 years; dic(7;9)(p11-13;p11) is found in approximately 3% of childhood ALL with 9p abnormalities and has been associated with B-ALL with t(9;22), or Philadelphia chromosome positive ALL.
Clinics	The most common clinical manifestations of dic(7;9) noted in the literature include age <15 years, male > female, T- and B-ALL with B-cell predominance, leukocytosis <100x109, enlargement of liver/spleen/lymph nodes (Pan and Xue, 2006).
Prognosis	Favorable prognostic indicators in ALL include: age 1-10 years, female sex, Caucasian or Asian ethnicity, WBC count <50,000 at presentation, B-cell immunophenotype, hyperdiploidy, and trisomy of chromosome 4 or 10. The most important prognostic factor is end of induction therapy minimal residual disease (MRD) (Hunger and Mullighan, 2015; Iacobucci and Mullighan, 2017). However, abnormalities in chromosome 9p or deletions of the tumor suppressor genes located on 7p have been associated with increased rates of relapse (Jarosova and Volejnikova, 2016), and may even potentially trump favorable NCI criteria or other favorable cytogenetics.

Cytogenetics

Note	Several dicentric chromosomes found in childhood ALL are formed from the q arms of chromosomes 7, 9, 12, and, 17 with partial loss of the respective p arms.
Cytogenetics Morphological	Unbalanced; In most cases, formation of a dicentric chromosome resulting in partial monosomies of 7p and 9p -> hypodiploid with 45 chromosomes. However, hyperdiploidy (56 chromosomes) has been identified.
	Figure 2: FISH image depicting 7; dic 7-9; 9 with centromeric probes of 7 and 9 fused - Courtesy Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, USA.
Additional anomalies	del(6q), dup(1p), del(8p),...

Genes involved and Proteins

Note	Genes involved are unknown.

Gene Name	PAX5
Location	9p13.2
Note	Recent studies have shown an association between dic(7;9) and PAX5 mutation. PAX5 encodes the B lymphoid transcription factor gene and is vitally important in regulating B cell lineage differentiation. PAX5 alterations may lead to arrested B-cell development in the pro-B-cell stage and may be central events in B lymphoid leukemogenesis (Shah and Schrader, 2013). A recent study by Bastian, et. al. found 19/250 pediatric and adult patients with B-cell precursor ALL harbored PAX5 mutations. Of these patients with PAX5 mutations, 12/19 (63%) had alterations in chromosome 9, though the specific cytogenetic alterations were not reported (Bastian and Schroeder, 2019). A large cohort study out of St. Jude's identified 17/1988 (0.86%) patients with dic(7;9) translocation; of those, 11/17 (65%) had a PAX5 alteration or mutation. While the PAX5 gene is located on 9p13.2, 5/11 (45%) cases with dic(7;9)(p11;p11) were associated with PAX5 alterations. This study found two distinct subtypes of B-ALL characterized by PAX5 alterations: the first (n=148) which harbor diverse PAX5 alterations (including rearrangements, sequence mutations, and focal intragenic amplifications) and the second (n=44) which harbor a particular nonsilent sequence mutation, PAX5 p.Pro80Arg. As a group of all PAX5, the 5-year event-free survival was variable, ranging from 50% to 75% (Gu and Churchman, 2019).

To be noted

Notable Case from Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, USA: An 8-year-old male with no previous history of malignancy presented with pancytopenia and was diagnosed with B-cell ALL. He had multiple favorable clinical and cytogenetic prognostic factors at diagnosis, including favorable age, low WBC (4.0) at presentation, CNS negative, B-phenotype, double trisomy, hyperdiploidy, and end-of-induction MRD negative. His blasts also carried a dic(7;9)(p11;p11). Despite the plethora of favorable prognostic factors, he has had two relapses, and is now in his third complete remission after chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. While it is not known whether his somatic mutation involved the PAX5 gene, his multiple relapses and poor overall prognosis may be related to this dic(7 ;9) event.

Case Report

Dicentric dic(7;9)(p11;p11): a new case in childhood ALL

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Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Underdown MJ, Russell TB, Pettenati MJ, Kram DE

dic(7;9)(p11-13;p11);

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. in press

On line version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Anomalies/dic0709p11p11ID1054.html

History of this paper:

Strehl, S. dic(7;9)(p11-13;p11). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2006;10(2):110-111.

http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/38299/09-2005-dic0709p11p11ID1054.pdf

Translocations implicated (Data extracted from papers in the Atlas)

	dic(7;9)(p11;p11)

External links

Mitelman database	dic(7;9)(p11;p11) [Case List]    dic(7;9)(p11;p11) [Transloc-MCList]
arrayMap (UZH-SIB Zurich)	Topo ( C42) Morph ( 9811/3) -   [auto + random 100 samples .. if exist ]   [tabulated segments]

REVIEW articles	automatic search in PubMed
Last year articles	automatic search in PubMed
All articles	automatic search in PubMed

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