| Written | 2017-03 | Adriana Zamecnikova |
| Kuwait Cancer control Center, Department of Hematology, Kuwait; annadria@yahoo.com |
| Abstract | Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by arrest of leukocyte differentiation at the promyelocyte stage. In classic APL, the central leukemia-initiating event is the chromosome translocation t(15;17)(q22;q21) resulting in the fusion of the retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARA) gene on 17q21.1 with the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene at 15q24.1. In rare cases, RARA is fused with genes other than PML that gives rise to APL variants such as in der(2)t(2;17)(q32;q21) with the underlying NABP1/RARA fusion gene. |
| Keywords | Variant; acute promyelocytic leukemia; RARA fusion genes, RARA; NABP1; NABP1/RARA |
| Identity |
| ICD-Topo | C420,C421,C424 |
| ICD-Morpho | 9866/3 Acute promyelocytic leukaemia with t(15;17)(q22;q12); PML-RARA |
| Atlas_Id | 1601 |
| Clinics and Pathology |
| Disease | Acute promyelocytic leukemia (FAB type M3) |
| Epidemiology | Only 1 case to date, a 59-years old male patient (Won et al., 2013). |
| Clinics | The patient presented with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and high white blood cell count with 61% blasts and abnormal promyelocytes. BM aspirate revealed 69.2% microgranular abnormal promyelocytes. Immunophenotype analysis was positive for CD13, CD33, CD45, CD65, and MPO with negative CD34, HLA-DR, and B-cell and T-cell markers (data from Won et al., 2013). |
| Treatment | Therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was initiated but it was discontinued after 2 days due to the negative PML/RARA molecular result. Induction therapy with idarubicin and cytarabine was started but ATRA was restarted 7 days later when RARA rearrangement was identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The patient achieved complete remission on day 28, and underwent allogenic stem-cell transplantation after 2 cycles of consolidation chemotherapy. He remains alive and in complete remission one year after transplantation. |
| Prognosis | The leukemic cells from the patient showed neutrophilic differentiation in the in vitro all-trans retinoic acid assay and the patient achieved complete remission with ATRA therapy, therefore NABP1/RARA fusion appear to be an ATRA-sensitive variant in APL. |
| Cytogenetics |
| Cytogenetics Morphological | Presented as der(2)t(2;17)(q32;q21). |
| Cytogenetics Molecular | RARA rearrangement by FISH. |
| Additional anomalies | t(11;19)(q13;p13.1) in a subclone. |
| Genes involved and Proteins |
| Gene Name | NABP1 (nucleic acid binding protein 1) |
| Location | 2q32.3 |
| Protein | The nucleic acid binding protein 1 (NABP1, previously known as OBFC2A; oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold containing 2A) gene encodes human single-stranded DNA binding protein 2; essential for a variety of DNA metabolic processes including genomic stability, replication, recombination; plays a role in DNA damage response and in detection and repair of damage (Richard et al., 2008). |
| Gene Name | RARA (Retinoic acid receptor, alpha) |
| Location | 17q21.2 |
| Protein | Retinoic acid receptor-alpha is a nuclear retinoic acid receptor, implicated in regulation of development, differentiation, apoptosis, granulopoeisis and transcription; the encoded protein function as heterodimers with retinoid X receptors; regulates expression of target genes in a ligand-dependent manner by binding to retinoic acid response elements and, when bound by ligands, recruit a protein complex to activate transcription. |
| Result of the chromosomal anomaly |
| Description | 5' NABP1 - 3' RARA |
| Transcript | RARA portion of the transcript started in exon 3 and was fused in-frame to exon 5 of OBFC2A; breakpoint in RARA gene in the same breakpoint as in previously described fusions of RARA. |
 | |
| Schematic diagram of NABP1, RARA and NABP1/RARA fusion protein. DBD, DNA?binding domain; LBD, ligand?binding domain. | |
| Description | NABP1-RARA predicted to encode a 551-amino acid protein; NABP1 5'-region encoding the DNA-binding domain (DBD) is fused to the 3'-region of RARA including the DBD and ligand-binding domain (Figure 1. adopted from Won et al., 2013). |
| Oncogenesis | Patient with NABP1-RARA fusion shows a similar breakpoint within the RARA gene sharing a common portion as in other APL cases; therefore the chimeric protein is expected to behave as an altered retinoic acid receptor. The retention of the N-terminal oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold in NABP1 protein that binds to single-stranded DNA substrate may provide the possibility of dimerization and produce oncogenic signaling leading to accumulation of undifferentiated promyelocytes. |
| To be noted |
| Additional cases are needed to delineate the epidemiology of this rare entity: you are welcome to submit a paper to our new Case Report section. |
| Bibliography |
| Single-stranded DNA-binding protein hSSB1 is critical for genomic stability. |
| Richard DJ, Bolderson E, Cubeddu L, Wadsworth RI, Savage K, Sharma GG, Nicolette ML, Tsvetanov S, McIlwraith MJ, Pandita RK, Takeda S, Hay RT, Gautier J, West SC, Paull TT, Pandita TK, White MF, Khanna KK. |
| Nature 2008 May 29;453(7195):677-81. |
| PMID 18449195 |
| OBFC2A/RARA: a novel fusion gene in variant acute promyelocytic leukemia. |
| Won D, Shin SY, Park CJ, Jang S, Chi HS, Lee KH, Lee JO, Seo EJ. |
| Blood 2013 Feb 21;121(8):1432-5. |
| PMID 23287866 |
| Citation |
| This paper should be referenced as such : |
| Zamecnikova A |
| t(2;17)(q32;q21) NABP1/RARA; |
| Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. in press |
| On line version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Anomalies/t0217q32q21ID1601.html |
| Translocations implicated (Data extracted from papers in the Atlas) |
| t(2;17)(q32;q21) NABP1/RARA | |
| External links |
| REVIEW articles | automatic search in PubMed |
| Last year articles | automatic search in PubMed |
| All articles | automatic search in PubMed |
| © Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology | indexed on : Tue Aug 28 18:16:44 CEST 2018 |
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