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| Entity | Breast cancer |
| Prognosis | Benign breast lesions show weak cytoplasmatic CSE1L staining, while in ductal and lobular in situ carcinomas, 70%-90% of breast tumor cells showed heavy CSE1L staining cytoplasm. Also, in invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas, 70-90% of the tumor cells showed heavy CSE1L staining pattern predominantly in nuclei (Behrens et al., 2001). |
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| Entity | Ovarian carcinoma |
| Prognosis | In serous ovarian carcinoma, moderate to strong immunostaining of CSE1L was observed in 34 of 41 cases (83%) of serous carcinomas, and CSE1L immunoreactivity was positively related to the frequency of apoptotic bodies (p = 0.0170), the tumor grade (p = 0.0107), and adverse outcomes (p = 0.0035). CSE1L protein reactivity was present in 100% of 69 ovarian carcinomas, and a significant reciprocal correlation was observed between high levels of CSE1L and the histological type, FIGO (International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology) stage III and grade 3, residual tumors of > 2 cm, and 20q13.2 (ZNF217 gene) amplification (> four copies in > 20% cells). A tissue array study composed of 244 serous ovarian tumors of different grades (0-3) and stages (I-IV) showed a higher expression of CSE1L in poorly compared to highly differentiated invasive ovarian tumors (Brustmann, 2004; Peiro et al., 2002; Ouellet et al., 2006). |
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| Entity | Melanomas |
| Prognosis | Analysis of the expression of CSE1L in 27 control benign and 55 malignant melanocytic lesions (including 32 primary and 23 metastatic lesions), and the results showed that only 13 of the 27 benign melanocytic lesions stained positive for CSE1L. However, 5 of 7 lentigo maligna melanomas, 11 of 12 superficial spreading melanomas, and all acrolentiginous (n = 7) and nodular (n = 6) melanomas showed medium to high intensity immunoreactivity for CSE1L staining. All metastatic melanomas (n = 23) showed strong CSE1L staining. Also, CSE1L detection in clinical stages according to the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) showed an increase from 43% ± 34% CSEL-positive cells in stage I, to 53% ± 26% in stage II, 68% ± 24% in stage III, and 72% ± 24% in stage IV (Böni et al., 1999). |
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| Entity | Lymphomas |
| Prognosis | In normal lymphoid tissue and malignant lymphomas, low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma revealed weak CSE1L staining, with 10% to 60% of all cells positive. In contrast, highly malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and malignant cells of Hodgkin's disease displayed very strong CSE1L positivity, with staining of up to 80% of atypical cells (Wellmann et al., 1997). |
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| Entity | Endometrial carcinomas |
| Prognosis | An analysis of 89 endometrial carcinomas and 56 samples of non-neoplastic adjacent endometrium showed that CSE1L was expressed in 93% of endometrial carcinomas neoplastic tissues, while lower levels of CSE1L expression were observed in the adjacent endometrium compared to the carcinomas (p = 0.003). Also, CSE1L expression was higher in grade 3 tumors (p = 0.002) (Peiró et al., 2001). |
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| Entity | Hepatocellular carcinomas |
| Prognosis | The expression of CSE1L was not detected in normal hepatocytes, while strong CSE1L expression was detected in hepatocellular carcinoma. Study also showed that the immunohistochemical staining intensity score of CSE1L was significantly higher in human hepatocellular carcinoma than in non-tumor tissue (p < 0.05) (Wellmann et al., 2001; Shiraki et al., 2006). |
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| Entity | Lung cancer |
| Prognosis | The immunophenotypic profiling of non-small cell lung cancer progression using tissue microarray with 59 tissue samples, including 33 primary tumors without distant metastasis and 26 non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases and showed that elevated expression of CSE1L was significantly associated with the metastatic potential of non-small cell lung cancer (Papay et al., 2007). |
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| Entity | Gliomas |
| Prognosis | The results of array-based comparative genomic hybridization showed that 57.1% of the glioblastoma multiforme cases had high-frequency amplification of the CSE1L gene. Idbaih et al. investigated a series of 16 low-grade gliomas and their subsequent progression to higher-grade malignancies using a one-megabase bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based array comparative genomic hybridization technique, and reported that the CSE1L gene was associated with the progression of gliomas (Hui et al., 2001; Idbaih et al., 2008). |
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| Entity | Colorectal carcinoma |
| Prognosis | The expression of CSE1L was also reported to be higher in the primary and metastatic human colorectal carcinoma compared to the normal colon mucosa (p < 0.0001). Also, the concentration of CSE1L in serum is positively correlated with the stage of colorectal cancer (Stella Tsai et al., 2010; Seiden-Long et al., 2006). |
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| Implication of the proliferation and apoptosis associated CSE1L/CAS gene for breast cancer development. |
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| PMID 11724300 |
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| Expression of the proliferation and apoptosis-associated CAS protein in benign and malignant cutaneous melanocytic lesions. |
| Boni R, Wellmann A, Man YG, Hofbauer G, Brinkmann U. |
| Am J Dermatopathol. 1999 Apr;21(2):125-8. |
| PMID 10218671 |
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| Tissue-specific alternative splicing of the CSE1L/CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptibility) gene. |
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| Expression of cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein in serous ovarian carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. |
| Brustmann H. |
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| PMID 14751170 |
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| Detection of multiple gene amplifications in glioblastoma multiforme using array-based comparative genomic hybridization. |
| Hui AB, Lo KW, Yin XL, Poon WS, Ng HK. |
| Lab Invest. 2001 May;81(5):717-23. |
| PMID 11351043 |
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| Genomic changes in progression of low-grade gliomas. |
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| PMID 18618226 |
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| CSE1L/CAS, the cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein, enhances invasion and metastasis but not proliferation of cancer cells. |
| Liao CF, Luo SF, Li LT, Lin CY, Chen YC, Jiang MC. |
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| PMID 18597698 |
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| Npap60/Nup50 is a tri-stable switch that stimulates importin-alpha:beta-mediated nuclear protein import. |
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| Cell. 2002 Aug 9;110(3):349-60. |
| PMID 12176322 |
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| Tissue array analysis of expression microarray candidates identifies markers associated with tumor grade and outcome in serous epithelial ovarian cancer. |
| Ouellet V, Guyot MC, Le Page C, Filali-Mouhim A, Lussier C, Tonin PN, Provencher DM, Mes-Masson AM. |
| Int J Cancer. 2006 Aug 1;119(3):599-607. |
| PMID 16572426 |
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| Immunophenotypic profiling of nonsmall cell lung cancer progression using the tissue microarray approach. |
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| PMID 17536303 |
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| CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptibility) gene expression in ovarian carcinoma: Correlation with 20q13.2 copy number and cyclin D1, p53, and Rb protein expression. |
| Peiro G, Diebold J, Lohrs U. |
| Am J Clin Pathol. 2002 Dec;118(6):922-9. |
| PMID 12472286 |
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| The human CAS protein which is homologous to the CSE1 yeast chromosome segregation gene product is associated with microtubules and mitotic spindle. |
| Scherf U, Pastan I, Willingham MC, Brinkmann U. |
| Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 2;93(7):2670-4. |
| PMID 8610099 |
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| Transcriptional targets of hepatocyte growth factor signaling and Ki-ras oncogene activation in colorectal cancer. |
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| Oncogene. 2006 Jan 5;25(1):91-102. |
| PMID 16158056 |
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| Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein and proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma. |
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| Int J Mol Med. 2006 Jul;18(1):77-81. |
| PMID 16786158 |
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| Serum cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein is a potential prognostic marker for metastatic colorectal cancer. |
| Stella Tsai CS, Chen HC, Tung JN, Tsou SS, Tsao TY, Liao CF, Chen YC, Yeh CY, Yeh KT, Jiang MC. |
| Am J Pathol. 2010 Apr;176(4):1619-28. Epub 2010 Feb 11. |
| PMID 20150437 |
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| Cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CSE1L/CAS) protein in cancer metastasis and chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. |
| Tai CJ, Hsu CH, Shen SC, Lee WR, Jiang MC. |
| J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2010a Aug 11;29:110. (REVIEW) |
| PMID 20701792 |
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| Increased cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CSE1L/CAS) protein expression promotes protrusion extension and enhances migration of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. |
| Tai CJ, Shen SC, Lee WR, Liao CF, Deng WP, Chiou HY, Hsieh CI, Tung JN, Chen CS, Chiou JF, Li LT, Lin CY, Hsu CH, Jiang MC. |
| Exp Cell Res. 2010b Oct 15;316(17):2969-81. Epub 2010 Aug 3. |
| PMID 20688056 |
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| Function of CSE1L/CAS in the secretion of HT-29 human colorectal cells and its expression in human colon. |
| Tsao TY, Tsai CS, Tung JN, Chen SL, Yue CH, Liao CF, Wang CC, Jiang MC. |
| Mol Cell Biochem. 2009 Jul;327(1-2):163-70. Epub 2009 Feb 18. |
| PMID 19224336 |
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| Higher prevalence of secretory CSE1L/CAS in sera of patients with metastatic cancer. |
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| Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 May;18(5):1570-7. Epub 2009 Apr 21. |
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| High expression of the proliferation and apoptosis associated CSE1L/CAS gene in hepatitis and liver neoplasms: correlation with tumor progression. |
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