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EGLN1 (egl nine homolog 1 (C. elegans))

Identity

Other namesC1orf12
DKFZp761F179
ECYT3
HIFPH2
HPH-2
PHD2
SM-20
SM20
ZMYND6
HGNC (Hugo) EGLN1
Location 1q42.2
Location_base_pair Starts at 231499497 and ends at 231560790 bp from pter ( according to hg19-Feb_2009)  [Mapping]

DNA/RNA

Description EGLN1 gene is located on chromosome 1, location 229568054-229627413. Gene spans 61293 bases and has 5 exons.
Transcription PHD2 expression is strongly induced in hypoxia by the HIF-1α transcription factor. Primary transcript length is 5936 bases. On mRNA level two splice variants have been proposed, lacking exons 3 or 4, but these have not been confirmed on protein level.

Protein

Description PHD2 protein is 426 amino acids long and approximately 46 kDa. It has a zf-MYND domain (aa 21-58) and a 2-OG-FeII-oxygenase domain (aa205-391).
Expression Ubiquitous.
Localisation Predominantly cytoplasmic.
Function PHD2 is a member of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent, non-haem iron binding dioxygenases.
PHD2 post-translationally regulates the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α) subunits in normoxic conditions by hydroxylating them in an oxygen-dependant manner on specific proline residues. This enables recognition of HIF by the VHL ubiquitin ligase complex and subsequent degradation of HIF by the proteasome. In hypoxic conditions the hydroxylation is significantly decreased, and the HIF-α subunits are stabilized. PHD2 is considered the main HIF-1α regulator in normoxic and mildly hypoxic conditions.
Homology EGLN1 has two paralogs: EGLN2 and EGLN3 Homologs have been found in all multicellular organisms investigated.

Mutations

Note Homozygous deletion confers embryonic lethality in mouse.
Germinal Heterozygous mutations have been associated with familial erythrocytosis. Currently three point mutations: G1112A ->Arg371His, C950G -> Pro317Arg, C1129T-> Gln377X, one deletion: 606delG -> frameshift, and one insertion: 840_841insA -> frameshift have been reported.

Implicated in

Entity Familial erythrocytosis (ECYT3)
Note ECYT3 is characterized by increased serum hemoglobin and hematocrit, but with normal serum erythropoietin levels.
Disease Characterized EGLN1 mutations result in the loss of catalytic function and thereby aberrant erythropoietin expression.
  
Entity Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Note Increased expression levels and nuclear translocation have been associated with the aggressiveness of the carcinoma.
  

External links

Nomenclature
HGNC (Hugo)EGLN1   1232
Entrez_Gene (NCBI)EGLN1  54583  egl nine homolog 1 (C. elegans)
Cards
AtlasEGLN1ID44140ch1q42
GeneCards (Weizmann)EGLN1
Ensembl (Hinxton)ENSG00000135766 [Gene_View]  EGLN1 [Vega]
AceView (NCBI)EGLN1
Genatlas (Paris)EGLN1
euGene (Indiana)54583
SOURCE (Stanford)NM_022051
Gene Expression (Array Express) ENSG00000135766
Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath (UCSC)EGLN1  -  1q42.2   chr1:231499497-231560790 -  1q42.1   [Description]    (hg19-Feb_2009)
EnsemblEGLN1 - 1q42.1 [CytoView]
Mapping of homologs : NCBIEGLN1 [Mapview]
OMIM606425   609820   
Gene and transcription
Gene : Genbank (Entrez)AF229245 AF277174 AF277176 AF334711 AI017372
Reference sequence (RefSeq transcript) :SRSNM_022051
Reference transcript : EntrezNM_022051
RefSeq genomic : SRSAC_000044 AC_000133 NC_000001 NG_015865 NT_167186 NW_001838549 NW_927128
RefSeq genomic : EntrezAC_000044 AC_000133 NC_000001 NG_015865 NT_167186 NW_001838549 NW_927128
Consensus coding sequences : CCDS NCBIEGLN1
Cluster EST : UnigeneHs.444450 [ SRS ] Hs.444450 [ NCBI ]
Alternative Splicing : Fast-db (Paris)17924
Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
Protein : UniProt/SwissProtQ9GZT9 (SRS) Q9GZT9 (Expasy) Q9GZT9 (Uniprot)
With graphics : InterProQ9GZT9
Splice isoforms : VarSplice FASTAQ9GZT9(VarSplice FASTA)
Domaine pattern : Prosite (SRS)FE2OG_OXY (PS51471)    ZF_MYND_1 (PS01360)    ZF_MYND_2 (PS50865)   
Domain pattern : Prosite (Expaxy)FE2OG_OXY (PS51471)    ZF_MYND_1 (PS01360)    ZF_MYND_2 (PS50865)   
Domains : Interpro (SRS)Oxoglutarate/Fe-dep_oxygenase    Pro_4_hyd_alph    Znf_MYND   
Domains : Interpro (EBI)Oxoglutarate/Fe-dep_oxygenase    Pro_4_hyd_alph    Znf_MYND   
Related proteins : CluSTrQ9GZT9
Domain families : Pfam SRS2OG-FeII_Oxy (PF03171)    zf-MYND (PF01753)   
Domain families : Pfam Sanger2OG-FeII_Oxy (PF03171)    zf-MYND (PF01753)   
Domain families : Pfam NCBIpfam03171    pfam01753   
Domain families : Smart EMBLP4Hc (SM00702)  
Blocks (Seattle)Q9GZT9
Crystal structure of protein : PDB SRS2G19    2G1M    2HBT    2HBU    3HQR    3HQU   
Crystal structure of protein : PDBSum2G19    2G1M    2HBT    2HBU    3HQR    3HQU   
Crystal structure of protein : IMB2G19    2G1M    2HBT    2HBU    3HQR    3HQU   
Crystal structure of protein : PDB RSDB2G19    2G1M    2HBT    2HBU    3HQR    3HQU   
Human Protein AtlasENSG00000135766
HPRD06971
Protein Interaction databases
DIP (DOE-UCLA)Q9GZT9
IntAct (EBI)Q9GZT9
FunCoupENSG00000135766
Polymorphism : SNP, mutations, diseases
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) : dbSNP NCBIEGLN1
SNP : GeneSNP UtahEGLN1
SNP : HGBaseEGLN1
Genetic variants : HAPMAPEGLN1
Somatic Mutations in Cancer : COSMICEGLN1 
Mutations and Diseases : HGMDEGLN1
Hereditary diseases : OMIM606425    609820   
Hereditary diseases : GENETests606425    609820   
Diseases : Genetic AssociationEGLN1
General knowledge
Homologs : HomoloGeneEGLN1
Homology/Alignments : Family Browser UCSCEGLN1
Phylogenetic Trees/Animal Genes : TreeFamEGLN1
Catalytic activity : Enzyme1.14.11.- [ Enzyme-Expasy ]   1.14.11.- [ Enzyme-SRS ]   1.14.11.- [ IntEnz-EBI ]   1.14.11.- [ BRENDA ]   1.14.11.- [ KEGG ]   
Chemical/Protein Interactions : CTD54583
Keywords Ontology : AmiGOresponse to hypoxia  embryonic placenta development  iron ion binding  protein binding  cytosol  heart development  zinc ion binding  oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen  oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen  L-ascorbic acid binding  peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity  oxygen homeostasis  negative regulation of transcription factor activity  metal ion binding  oxidation reduction  
Keywords Ontology : EGO-EBIresponse to hypoxia  embryonic placenta development  iron ion binding  protein binding  cytosol  heart development  zinc ion binding  oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen  oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen  L-ascorbic acid binding  peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity  oxygen homeostasis  negative regulation of transcription factor activity  metal ion binding  oxidation reduction  
Pathways : BIOCARTA
Pathways : KEGGDiterpenoid biosynthesis
Other databases
Probes
Probes : ImagenesEGLN1 Related clones (RZPD - Berlin)
Literature
PubMed52 Pubmed reference(s) in Entrez
PubGeneEGLN1

Bibliography

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Overexpression and nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase PHD2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is associated with tumor aggressiveness.
Jokilehto T, Rantanen K, Luukkaa M, Heikkinen P, Grenman R, Minn H, Kronqvist P, Jaakkola PM
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A family with erythrocytosis establishes a role for prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 in oxygen homeostasis.
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Placental but not heart defects are associated with elevated hypoxia-inducible factor alpha levels in mice lacking prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2.
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Disturbance in the HIF-1alpha pathway associated with erythrocytosis: further evidences brought by frameshift and nonsense mutations in the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) gene.
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Contributor(s)

Written01-2008Terhi Jokilehto, Panu M Jaakkola
Hypoxia group, Turku centre for Biotechnology, Tykistokatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :
Jokilehto T, Jaakkola PM . EGLN1 (egl nine homolog 1 (C. elegans)). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. January 2008 .
URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/EGLN1ID44140ch1q42.html

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indexed on : Thu Jul 15 14:49:23 CEST 2010

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