AFAP1L2 (actin filament associated protein 1-like 2)

Alias (NCBI)	KIAA1914
	XB130
HGNC (Hugo)	AFAP1L2
HGNC Alias symb	FLJ14564
	Em:AC005383.4
	XB130
HGNC Previous name	KIAA1914
HGNC Previous name	KIAA1914
	actin filament associated protein 1-like 2
LocusID (NCBI)	84632
Atlas_Id	52197
Location	10q25.3  [Link to chromosome band 10q25]
Location_base_pair	Starts at 114294824 and ends at 114404778 bp from pter ( according to GRCh38/hg38-Dec_2013)  [Mapping AFAP1L2.png]
	Figure 1. XB130 chromosomal location and neighbour genes. A. xb130 gene is located on chromosome 10, at 10q25.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). B. Diagram of xb130 neighbour genes between 115939029 and 116450393.

	Figure 2. XB130 functional domains and motifs. Human XB130 has 818 amino acids. It contains the following motif/domains: proline-rich region: residues 98-107; tyrosine phosphorylation motif: residues 54-57, 124-127; 148-151; 457-460; PH domain: residues 175-272; 353-445; coiled-coil region: residues 652-749.
Description	XB130 is a novel adaptor protein, member of the actin filament associated protein (AFAP) family (Snyder et al., 2011). Accordingly, it is also known as AFAP1L2. The full length protein consists of 818 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 130 kDa by western blotting (Xu et al., 2007). As an adaptor protein, XB130 has no enzymatic domains or activity. Sequence structure analysis has revealed 23 putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites and 27 putative phosphorylation sites for serine/threonine kinases (Xu et al., 2007). The N-terminal of XB130 contains a proline rich, SH3 domain binding motif, three tyrosine containing SH2 domain binding sites (Xu et al., 2007), of which a YXXM motif is for PI3 kinase subunit p85 binding (Lodyga et al., 2009). In the middle region, there are two pleckstrin homology domains and another tyrosine binding motif (Xu et al., 2007). The C-terminal contains a coiled-coil region, which may be important for molecular trafficking or dimerization (Xu et al., 2007).
Expression	In normal human tissue, the 4 kb mRNA transcript of XB130 is expressed highly in spleen and thyroid with lower expression in kidney, brain, lung and pancreas (Xu et al., 2007). Newer RNA sequencing by Illumina body map using RNA obtained from 16 normal human tissues shows high expression of XB130 in thyroid with lower expression in lymph nodes, brain, colon, adipocytes, kidney, lung, adrenal glands, breast, ovary, prostate and testis followed by whole blood, heart, skeletal muscles and liver (www.genecards.org). XB130 protein is detected in normal tissues of thyroid, parathyroid, brain, kidney, skin and GI-tracks (www.proteinatlas.org). XB130 protein expresses in human thyroid, colorectal, gastric and hepatocellular carcinomas (Shi et al., 2012; Shiozaki et al., 2013; Shiozaki et al., 2011; Zuo et al., 2012). Expression of XB130 has also been observed in a variety of cancer cell lines, including thyroid, lung, esophageal, pancreatic and colon cancers (Shi et al., 2012; Shiozaki et al., 2013; Zuo et al., 2012).
Localisation	XB130 is distributed mainly in the cytoplasm and perinuclear region of lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells and several other cell types (Xu et al., 2007). Unlike AFAP, XB130 does not associate or co-localize with actin filament stress fibler (Lodyga et al., 2010). Stimulation of cells with EGF, PMA, or overexpression of constitutive Rac results in a translocation of XB130 to the cell periphery and leading edge of migrating cells (Lodyga et al., 2010).
Function	XB130 is an adaptor protein that acts as a key mediator to drive signal transduction pathways. XB130 has been shown to bind to tyrosine kinase c-Src to enhance kinase activity and subsequently regulates Src-mediated AP-1/SRE transcription activation (Xu et al., 2007). XB130 is also highly involved in the PI3K/Akt pathway and effects cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and cell survival through binding to p85 alpha subunit of PI3K (Lodyga et al., 2009). XB130 may also play a role in the innate immune response, where knockdown of XB130 was shown to decrease IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine levels in human lung epithelial cells (Xu et al., 2007). XB130 is also involved in cell migration via association with Rac-GTPase and plays a significant role in lateral cell migration and cell invasion in both normal and cancer cell lines (Lodyga et al., 2010). Yamanaka et al. reported phosphorylated XB130 affects cAMP-dependent DNA synthesis in rat thyroid cells (Yamanaka et al., 2012). XB130 is aberrantly expressed in human cancers and has been shown to control tumour growth in vivo (Shiozaki et al., 2011). XB130 regulates thyroid cancer cell proliferation by controlling microRNA miR-33a, 149a and 193a expression to alter oncogenes Myc, FosL1, and SCL7A5 protein levels (Takeshita et al., 2013).
Homology	XB130 shares similar sequence and domain structure cellular as AFAP and AFAP1L1 (Snyder et al., 2011).

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