ANP32A (acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member A)

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ANP32A (acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member A)

Identity

Other names	C15orf1
	HPPCn
	I1PP2A
	LANP
	MAPM
	PHAP1
	PHAPI
	PP32
HGNC (Hugo)	ANP32A
LocusID (NCBI)	8125
Location	15q23
Location_base_pair	Starts at 69070875 and ends at 69113261 bp from pter ( according to hg19-Feb_2009) [Mapping]
Local_order	The gene is 73682 bases long and oriented on the minus strand.

DNA/RNA



Description	One of 1265 total genes on chromosome 15 according to NCBI Mapviewer. According to Ensembl, a predicted 76 base pair non-coding RNA (ncRNA) for MIR4312-201 is present within the gene sequence on the reverse strand at chromosome 15: 69094189-69094264.
Pseudogene	There are multiple genomic regions that have a high degree of similarity with the ANP32A sequence (including anti-sense regions that are most likely abundantly expressed, our data not shown).

Protein

Note	N-terminal contains nuclear localizing signals in amphipathic alpha helix with exceptionally acidic c-terminus with aspartic and glutamic acid residues making up about 70% of the domain (Chen et al., 1996). Important features contributing to protein function include the secondary structure of N-terminal leucine-rich repeat domains (Huyton and Wolberger, 2007). Protein is approximately 90% identical to family members pp32r1 and pp32r2, though function is dramatically different and ANP32A tumor suppressor function is dependent upon the region between amino acids 150-174 (Brody et al., 1999). Function is, in part, dependent on phosphorylation status. Casein kinase II has been identified as a mediator of ANP32A phosphorylation in vivo, specifically at serines 158 and 204 (Hong et al., 2004).

Description	ANP32A is a 249 amino acid protein (32 kDa) (Li et al., 1996) and represents the first member identified in a family of evolutionarily-conserved phosphoproteins that are involved in an array of gene regulatory and diverse network regulatory functions primarily through protein-protein interactions such as binding to phosphorylated retinoblastoma (Rb) gene product (Adegbola and Pasternack, 2005).
Expression	Ubiquitously expressed in human tissues.
Localisation	ANP32A is primarily nuclear (Matsuoka et al., 1994; Matilla et al., 1997; Kovacech et al., 2007; Khan et al., 2011) with variable cytoplasmic localization. It participates in nuclear-to-cytoplasmic shuttling as a multi-protein complex with its binding partners (Williams et al., 2010; Santa-Coloma, 2003; Higashino et al., 2005; Mazroui et al., 2008; Pan et al., 2009; Fukumoto et al., 2011). This cytoplasmic translocation is dependent upon the nuclear export factor chromosomal region maintenance protein 1, or CRM1 (Brennan et al., 2000). Of particular importance is the capacity of ANP32A to translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon cellular stress to disrupt the pro-tumorigenic function of associated protein HuR (Hostetter et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2010). In some cases, ANP32A mediated disruption of HuR function can precipitate caspase-mediated cleavage of HuR (Mazroui et al., 2008). A trimeric form has been found to be located primarily in the cytosol in hamster models (Ulitzur et al., 1997; Itin et al., 1999).
Function	ANP32A has a diverse array of functions. The role of ANP32A in oncogenesis, tumor suppression, and cellular differentiation is well established. It has marked tumor suppressor activity and acts in part through the inhibition of ras/Kras-mediated transformation in both in vitro and in vivo studies (Bai et al., 2001). ANP32A participates in transcriptional gene regulation through histone modification as a member of the inhibitor of histone acetyl transferase (INHAT) protein complex (Brody et al., 2004; Santa-Coloma, 2003; Kular et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2011) and through interferon-dependent binding to gene promoters in conjunction with STAT1/STAT2 (Kadota and Nagata, 2011). Participation as a component of the INHAT protein complex is dependent upon its highly-acidic c-terminus interacting with template activating factor-lbeta, or TAF-lbeta (Seo et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2006). It participates in mRNA nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation and post-transcriptional gene regulation (Williams et al., 2010; Santa-Coloma, 2003; Fries et al., 2007; Mazroui et al., 2008; Pan et al., 2009) as a key binding partner of HuR and in an importin-alpha dependent manner (Fukumoto et al., 2011). It is a central component of the SET complex at the core of the granzyme A-mediated apoptosis pathway and affects the activation of caspase-9, cytochrome c-induced caspase activation, Apaf-1, and caspase-3 (Hill et al., 2004; Hoffarth et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2008; Li et al., 2012). ANP32A has also been identified as an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A, leading to changes in the ERK, MEK, and WNT signaling pathways (Li et al., 1995; Li et al., 1996; Yu et al., 2004; Stelzl et al., 2005; Habrukowich et al., 2010). It is associated with neuronal cell development, neurotoxicity, and microtubule-based cellular vesicular transport through interactions with microtubule associated proteins tau, MAP2, and MAP4 (Ulitzur et al., 1997; Itin et al., 1999; Kovacech et al., 2007; Kular et al., 2009). Also protective of neuronal excitotoxicity and apoptosis through interaction with the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene product (Adegbola and Pasternack, 2005; Khan et al., 2011) and may play a role in the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 through an interaction with ataxin-1 in a manner that is enhanced with expanding CAG repeats of the gene (Matilla et al., 1997). As a necessary component of the template activating factor-1/SET oncoprotein complex it is associated with andeno-associated virus replication (Pegoraro et al., 2006). Finally, its association with the alpha chain of HLA class II molecule DR2 is of unclear significance (Vaesen et al., 1994).

Mutations

Note

There are currently 607 known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) registered with the NCBI SNP database. Of these, only one is suggested to have clinical relevance thus far.
A single nucleotide polymorphism of the minor allele (rs7164503) appears to be associated with the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis of the hip (Valdes et al., 2009).

Entity	Prostate adenocarcinoma
Note	In 1998, Kadkol et al. used in situ hybridization techniques to compare ANP32A expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma with expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia. While finding only moderate expression in the basal cells, 98% of prostatic adenocarcinomas with high Gleason scores demonstrated elevated levels of ANP32A (Kadkol et al., 1998). In an effort to clarify the paradoxical finding of elevated levels of a tumor suppressor in transformed pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissue, in 1999 Kadkol and colleagues compared the sequence and function of members of this phosphoprotein family in a series of three patient tumors (compared to adjacent normal prostate tissue). They found ANP32A to be expressed in normal tissue, while closely related gene products pp32r1 and pp32r2 were dominant in the tumor samples (Kadkol et al., 1999). In 2001, Bai et al. continued the focus from this laboratory on ANP32A with experiments aimed to clarify its tumor suppressor function. They utilized the fibroblast cell line NIH3T3 and showed that anti-sense inhibition of ANP32A lead to reduced serum dependence and loss of contact inhibition. They further demonstrated that ANP32A expression abrogated ras-mediated transformation in both in-vitro and in-vivo models (Bai et al., 2001). Continuing work from the same laboratory, Brody and colleagues reported in 2004 that reduction of ANP32A expression in a prostate carcinoma cell line induced transformation into a neuronal phenotype associated with growth arrest. This change was associated with reduced SET expression and changes to the acetylation status of histone H4. Further downstream changes in gene expression were noted with effects pathways including: cell cycle, MAP kinases, apoptosis, cytokines, metabolism, PP2A, p53 stabilization, and growth factor receptors (Brody et al., 2004). Finally, in 2011 Schramedei et al. reported results from a proteomic analysis of changes following miR-21 expression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. They found ANP32A to be the most strongly down-regulated protein upon miR-21 expression suggesting a regulatory role of miR-21 on ANP32A expression. They also found that enhanced cell viability conferred by miR-21 expression in this prostate cancer cell line was mimicked by direct ANP32A knock-down and mitigated by ANP32A overexpression (Schramedei et al., 2011).
Prognosis	Increased ANP32A is associated with higher Gleason score in prostate adenocarcinoma despite equivalent rates of capsular invasion, seminal vesical invasion, and positive surgical margins at the time of resection (Kadkol et al., 1998).

Entity	Pancreatic cancer
Note	In 2007, Brody et al. found dramatically decreased levels of ANP32A in poorly differentiated pancreatic tumors and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms with moderate dysplasia when compared to healthy pancreatic tissue or well-to-moderately differentiated tumors. Exogenous overexpression of ANP32A in a low-expression pancreatic cancer cell line lead to increased G1 arrest (Brody et al., 2007). In 2010, Williams and colleagues extended earlier work from the same group by associating low nuclear ANP32A levels with both high grade pancreatic tumors and the presence of lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of ANP32A conferred resistance to therapy with nucleoside analogs gemcitabine and cytarabine while increasing sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil therapy. In accordance with this result, silencing of ANP32A enhanced sensitivity to gemcitabine. A novel interaction with the RNA-binding protein ELAVL1 was described, whereby ANP32A disrupted binding between ELAVL1 and mRNA transcripts such as doxycytidine kinase (dCK) and VEGF. Notably, dCK is the enzyme responsible for metabolism of gemcitabine from its prodrug to active metabolites (Williams et al., 2010).
Prognosis	In contrast to findings in the prostate, in pancreatic adenocarcinoma ANP32A is absent or greatly reduced in poorly differentiated tumor when compared to normal pancreatic tissue, early dysplasia, and even well differentiated adenocarcinomas (Brody et al., 2007; Williams et al., 2010).

Entity	Breast cancer
Note	In 2001, Kadkol and colleagues investigated the interplay between members of this phosphoprotein family (ANP32A, pp32r1, and pp32r2) in human breast cancer specimens as compared to benign tissue. After showing abundant protein belonging to this family in 100 of 102 specimens examined, they compared relative expression of each family member in five infiltrating breast carcinomas (compared to matching benign breast tissue). Four of five carcinomas continued to express ANP32A (at levels similar to that of the benign samples), however the expression of pp32r1 and pp32r2 was unique to the carcinomas (Kadkol et al., 2001). In 2006, Schafer et al. utilized a breast cancer model of chemotherapeutic-induced cytochrome-c mediated apoptosis. They found that breast cancer cells were hyper-sensitive to cytochrome-c mediated apoptosis as compared to normal cells. This hypersensitivity resulted in increased caspase 9 activation in a manner that was mediated by increased ANP32A protein (Schafer et al., 2006).

Entity	Non-small cell lung cancer
Note	In 2008, Hoffarth and colleagues evaluated the effects of exogenous ANP32A expression on drug resistant non-small cell lung cancer cell (NSCLC) lines. They were able to correlate drug resistance with impaired caspase 9 and caspase 3 activation despite formation of the cytochrome-c induced apoptosome. Expression of ANP32A restored apoptosome activation both in vitro and murine in vivo models. Finally, they correlated improved outcomes following chemotherapy in human NSCLC patients with expression of ANP32A on immunohistochemical staining of tumor samples (Hoffarth et al., 2008).

Entity	Hepatocellular carcinoma
Note	In 2012, Li and colleagues surveyed abnormal protein expression in hepatocellular carcinoma utilizing two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Elevated expression of ANP32A was validated by western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining of a tissue microarray comprised of 59 cases (Li et al., 2012).

Entity	Colorectal cancer
Note	In 2011, Shi et al. profiled the proteome changes found in laser capture microdissection samples of colorectal cancer. Amongst several novel protein changes found, ANP32A was overexpressed in tumor when compared to normal tissue (Shi et al., 2011).

Entity	Neurotoxicity/neurodegenerative disease
Note	An association with Rb-mediated gene repression plays a key role in neuronal protection against excitotoxicity (Khan et al., 2011). May contribute to altered tau protein phosphorylation contributing to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (Tsujio et al., 2005; Kovacech et al., 2007). In the cerebellum it is primarily located in the nucleus of Purkinje cells where it interacts with ataxin-1, the gene product in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (Matilla et al., 1997).
Disease	Proposed: Alzheimer's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1.

Entity	Cellular response to immunomodulatory and inflammatory factors
Note	Interacts with STAT1/STAT2 and modulates transcriptional complex binding to interferon-stimulated gene promoters (Kadota and Nagata, 2011). Regulates cell signaling in response to inflammatory gene expression through target inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (Khan et al., 2011). Association with HLA class II molecule DR2 alpha chain has yet to be fully elucidated (Vaesen et al., 1994).

Entity	Embryogenesis
Note	In a survey of this family of leucine-rich repeat genes, ANP32A was necessary for murine embryogenesis in a background of ANP32B absence (Reilly et al., 2011).

Entity	Virology
Note	ANP32A is required for adeno-associated virus replication in human cell line studies as a member of the template activating factor-I/SET oncoprotein complex (Pegoraro et al., 2006). As part of this process, nuclear-to-cytoplasmic shuttling with HuR takes place in a manner dependent on E4orf6 protein function (Higashino et al., 2005).

	Nomenclature
HGNC (Hugo)	ANP32A 13233
	Cards
Atlas	ANP32AID647ch15q23
Entrez_Gene (NCBI)	ANP32A 8125 acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member A
GeneCards (Weizmann)	ANP32A
Ensembl (Hinxton)	ENSG00000140350 [Gene_View] chr15:69070875-69113261 [Contig_View] ANP32A [Vega]
ICGC DataPortal	ENSG00000140350
cBioPortal	ANP32A
AceView (NCBI)	ANP32A
Genatlas (Paris)	ANP32A
WikiGenes	8125
SOURCE (Princeton)	NM_006305
	Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath (UCSC)	ANP32A - 15q23 chr15:69070875-69113261 - 15q23 [Description] (hg19-Feb_2009)
Ensembl	ANP32A - 15q23 [CytoView]
Mapping of homologs : NCBI	ANP32A [Mapview]
OMIM	600832
	Gene and transcription
Genbank (Entrez)	AF025684 AK127498 AK223280 AK312703 AW383928
RefSeq transcript (Entrez)	NM_006305
RefSeq genomic (Entrez)	AC_000147 NC_000015 NC_018926 NT_010194 NW_001838218 NW_004929398
Consensus coding sequences : CCDS (NCBI)	ANP32A
Cluster EST : Unigene	Hs.458747 [ NCBI ]
CGAP (NCI)	Hs.458747
Alternative Splicing : Fast-db (Paris)	GSHG0010545
Alternative Splicing Gallery	ENSG00000140350
Gene Expression	ANP32A [ NCBI-GEO ] ANP32A [ SEEK ] ANP32A [ MEM ]
	Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
UniProt/SwissProt	P39687 (Uniprot)
NextProt	P39687 [Medical]
With graphics : InterPro	P39687
Splice isoforms : SwissVar	P39687 (Swissvar)
Domaine pattern : Prosite (Expaxy)	LRR (PS51450)
Domains : Interpro (EBI)	Leu-rich_rpt [organisation] U2A'_phosphoprotein32A_C [organisation]
Related proteins : CluSTr	P39687
Domain families : Pfam (Sanger)
Domain families : Pfam (NCBI)
Domain families : Smart (EMBL)	LRRcap (SM00446)
DMDM Disease mutations	8125
Blocks (Seattle)	P39687
PDB (SRS)	2JE0 2JE1
PDB (PDBSum)	2JE0 2JE1
PDB (IMB)	2JE0 2JE1
PDB (RSDB)	2JE0 2JE1
Human Protein Atlas	ENSG00000140350 [gene] [tissue] [antibody] [cell] [cancer]
Peptide Atlas	P39687
HPRD	09014
	Protein Interaction databases
DIP (DOE-UCLA)	P39687
IntAct (EBI)	P39687
FunCoup	ENSG00000140350
BioGRID	ANP32A
InParanoid	P39687
Interologous Interaction database	P39687
IntegromeDB	ANP32A
STRING (EMBL)	ANP32A
	Ontologies - Pathways
Ontology : AmiGO	protein binding nucleus nucleoplasm cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum transcription, DNA-templated regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent nucleocytoplasmic transport nucleocytoplasmic transport gene expression RNA metabolic process mRNA metabolic process intracellular signal transduction perinuclear region of cytoplasm
Ontology : EGO-EBI	protein binding nucleus nucleoplasm cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum transcription, DNA-templated regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent nucleocytoplasmic transport nucleocytoplasmic transport gene expression RNA metabolic process mRNA metabolic process intracellular signal transduction perinuclear region of cytoplasm
Pathways : BIOCARTA	Granzyme A mediated Apoptosis Pathway [Genes]
Protein Interaction Database	ANP32A
Wikipedia pathways	ANP32A
	Gene fusion - rearrangments
	Polymorphisms : SNP, mutations, diseases
SNP Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (NCBI)	ANP32A
snp3D : Map Gene to Disease	8125
SNP (GeneSNP Utah)	ANP32A
SNP : HGBase	ANP32A
Genetic variants : HAPMAP	ANP32A
Exome Variant	ANP32A
1000_Genomes	ANP32A
ICGC program	ENSG00000140350
Somatic Mutations in Cancer : COSMIC	ANP32A
CONAN: Copy Number Analysis	ANP32A
Mutations and Diseases : HGMD	ANP32A
Genomic Variants	ANP32A ANP32A [DGVbeta]
dbVar	ANP32A
ClinVar	ANP32A
Pred. of missenses	PolyPhen-2 SIFT(SG) SIFT(JCVI) Align-GVGD MutAssessor Mutanalyser
Pred. splices	GeneSplicer Human Splicing Finder MaxEntScan
	Diseases
OMIM	600832
Medgen	ANP32A
GENETests	ANP32A
Disease Genetic Association	ANP32A
Huge Navigator	ANP32A [HugePedia] ANP32A [HugeCancerGEM]
	General knowledge
Homologs : HomoloGene	ANP32A
Homology/Alignments : Family Browser (UCSC)	ANP32A
Phylogenetic Trees/Animal Genes : TreeFam	ANP32A
Chemical/Protein Interactions : CTD	8125
Chemical/Pharm GKB Gene	PA24811
Clinical trial	ANP32A
Cancer Resource (Charite)	ENSG00000140350
	Other databases
	Probes
	Litterature
PubMed	66 Pubmed reference(s) in Entrez
CoreMine	ANP32A
iHOP	ANP32A

REVIEW articles	automatic search in PubMed
Last year publications	automatic search in PubMed

Written	03-2013	Richard A Burkhart, Jonathan R Brody
		Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, USA