Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset)
| Identity |
| Other names | BRCAI |
| BRCC1 | |
| IRIS | |
| PSCP | |
| RNF53 | |
| HGNC (Hugo) | BRCA1 |
| LocusID (NCBI) | 672 |
| Location | 17q21.31 |
| Location_base_pair | Starts at 41196312 and ends at 41277500 bp from pter ( according to hg19-Feb_2009) [Mapping] |
| Local_order | According to NCBI Map Viewer, genes flanking BRCA1 in centromere to telomere direction on 17q21 are: VAT1 17q21 (vesicle amine transport protein 1 homolog (T californica)); RND2 17q21 Rho family GTPase 2; RPL21P4 17q21 ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 4; BRCA1 17q21 breast cancer 1, early onset; NBR2 17q21 neighbour of BRCA1 gene; BRCA1P1 17q21 BRCA1 pseudogene 1; NBR1 17q21.31 neighbour of BRCA1 gene. |
| Note | BRCA1 is a tumour suppressor phosphoprotein that combines with other tumour suppressors, DNA damage and repair proteins, and signal transducers to form a large multi-subunit protein complex known as BRCA1-associated genome surveillance complex (BASC). Truncating mutations and missence mutations in the BRCA1 gene are found in a large number of familial breast cancer cases. Individuals who inherit a germline mutation of BRCA1 or BRCA2 have a significantly increased lifetime risk for the development of breast and/or ovarian cancer. |
| DNA/RNA |
| Note | The subcellular localization and physiological function of this gene is greatly modulated by the several alternately splices isoforms that are found. Several of these alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, however, not all have had their full-length natures identified. |
| Description | According to Entrez-Gene, BRCA1 gene maps to NC_000017.9 in the region between 38449840 and 38530994 on the minus strand and spans across 81.1 kilo bases. According to Spidey (mRNA to genomic sequence alignment tool, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/spidey), BRCA1 has 24 exons, the sizes being 181, 99, 54, 78, 89, 140, 105, 47, 77, 89, 172, 127, 191, 311, 88, 78, 41, 84, 55, 74, 61, 1506. |
| Transcription | BRCA1 mRNA NM_007302.3 has 7388bps. The BRCA1 gene contains two separate promoters that induce transcription of mRNAs with different 5' UTRs, a shorter 5'UTRa and a longer 5'UTRb. The downregulation of BRCA1 gene expression in certain breast cancers is caused by a switch from expression of a 5'UTRa, which enables efficient translation, to expression of 5' UTRb, which contains secondary structure and upstream open reading frames that strongly inhibit translation. |
| Pseudogene | According to Entrez Gene the BRCA1 pseudogene 1 (BRCA1P1) is located on 17q21. |
| Protein |
| Note | BRCA1 sequence is not well conserved between mammals, however, two domains, the C terminal BRCT (BRCA1 C Terminal) motifs and the N-terminal RING domain are highly conserved. |
 | |
| The BRCA1 protein showing the RING finger domain, the Nuclear Localisation Signal domain and the BRCT domains. AA- amino acids. | |
| Description | BRCA1 is an 1863 amino acid 220kDa protein with an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity as well as a phospho-peptide binding activity. It has several domains that are essential for its function as depicted in the figure. The RING finger domain of BRCA1, commonly found in many DNA repair proteins, consists of a conserved core of approximately 50 amino acids in a pattern of seven cysteine residues and one histidine residue to form a structure that can bind to two Zn++ ions. This motif aids in mediating protein-protein interaction, as exemplified by the interaction of BRCA1 with BARD1 (BRCA1 associated RING domain). This interaction is critical since mutations in the Zn++ binding regions, crucial for heterodimerization with BARD1, have been found in tumours. BRCA1 accumulates in distinct foci in the nucleus during S phase and this transfer is aided by its Nuclear Localisation Signal (NLS) domain. A further role of BARD1 is also implicated whereby its association with the RING finger domain of BRCA1 is necessary for the transfer of BRCA1 to the nucleus. BRCA1 interacts with Rad50 of the MRN complex through the region AA 341-748 and can directly bind to branched, flap and four way DNA structures through a central domain spanning residues 452-1079. The protein inhibits the nucleolytic activities of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex as a result of this direct DNA binding. The C terminus of BRCA1, which can function as a transcriptional activation domain, consists of two tandemly arranged elements called BRCT (BRCA1 C- terminal). This motif specifically binds to phosphorylated proteins, an event that is commonly associated with DNA damage response. BRCA1 is capable of interacting directly with BRCA2 and with Rad51 via BRCA2 through this motif. Another protein that interacts with BRCA1 via BRCT is the BRCA1 associated C-terminal helicase ( BACH1 ). BACH1 is said to aid BRCA1 in the DNA damage response and maintain the protein at the nuclear foci formed after DNA damage response. Other proteins that can interact with BRCA1 through the BRCT domains are C terminal Interacting protein /CtIP), RNA Polymerase II, BACH 1 (a member of DEAH helicase family) and p53 . |
| Expression | BRCA1 is ubiquitously expressed in humans with the highest levels observed in the ovaries, testis and thymus. It is a tumour suppressor and a reduced expression is correlated with the transformation procedure and aetiology of sporadic breast cancer. This reduction is expression is said to be transcriptionally regulated with implications of aberrant promoter methylation at CpG dinucleotides as well as CREB binding sites. |
| Localisation | Located in the nucleus. |
| Function | Role of BRCA1 in DNA repair: BRCA1 is a part of a large complex of proteins, the BASC, which monitors the genome for damage and signals downstream effectors. BRCA1 has been implicated in two pathways of DNA double strand break repair: homologous recombination (HR) and non homologous end joining (NHEJ). Upon exposure to DNA damaging agents, BRCA1 becomes hyperphosphorylated and is rapidly relocated, along with Rad51, to sites of DNA synthesis marked by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Rad51, a homolog of the bacterial RecA, is a central player in HR, catalyzing the invasion of the single stranded DNA in a homologous duplex and facilitating the homology search during the establishment of joint molecules. A recent study, however, has indicated that BRCA1 deficient breast cancer cells compensate for this deficiency by upregulating Rad51. The resultant HR may be erroneous and thereby lead to tumorigenesis. In addition, BRCA1 is said to inhibit the MRN complex which is is implicated in bringing together two DNA strands together for the error prone NHEJ. BRCA1-deficient cells are sensitive to ionizing radiation and DNA damaging drugs, such as mitomycin C. Transcriptional regulation: BRCA1 is capable of transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodelling when tethered to promoters of genes important in the DNA repair process and breast cancer markers. It is a member of the core RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery, a feature exploited by the DNA damage recognition process. In addition, BRCA1 interacts with p300/CBP, transcriptional coactivators for CREB. p300/CBP are inhibited by the viral oncoprotein E1A and the functionality of E1A as an oncogene could be in part caused by an obstruction of BRCA1:p300/CBP cooperation resulting in the loss of the tumour-suppressing function of BRCA1. BRCA1 can act as a transcriptional coactivator or co repressor of proteins implicated in chromatin remodelling, such as the histone deacetylase complexes or components of the SWI/SNF-related chromatin-remodelling complex. Cell Cycle Regulation by BRCA1: BRCA1, based on its phosphorylation status, elicits DNA damage induced cell cycle arrest at several stages through modulation of specific downstream target genes. BRCA1 transactivates p21cip1/WAF1, which contributes to an arrest at the G1/S boundary. ATM phosphorylation of BRCA1 appears to be important for its role in the intra S phase checkpoint activation. BRCA1 is also implicated in the transcriptional regulation of several genes such as cyclinB, 14-3-3sigma, GADD45, wee-1 kinase and PLK1 associated with the G2/M checkpoint. p53-dependent apoptosis: The BRCA1 protein is capable of physically interacting with the p53 tumour suppressor gene, and can stimulate p53-dependent transcription from the p21WAF1/CIP1 mdm2 and promoters. In addition, the BRCA1-BARD1 complex is required for the phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15 by ATM/ATR following DNA damage by IR or UV radiation. The phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-15 is essential for the G(1)/S cell cycle arrest via transcriptional induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 after DNA damage. Ubiquitination: BRCA1 and BARD1 interact together to form an E3 ubiquitin ligase. RNA polII stalled at sites of DNA damage is a target for this ubiquitin ligase mediated degradation following DNA damage, thereby allowing access to the repair machinery. BRCA1 ubiquitinates the transcriptional preinitiation complex, not for proteasomal degradation, but to prevent a stable association of TFIIE and TFIIH; thereby blocking the initiation of mRNA synthesis. |
| Homology | Dog (Canis familiaris): BRCA1 Chimpanzee(Pan troglodytes): BRCA1 Rat (Rattus norvegicus): Brca1 Mouse(Mus musculus): Brca1 Chicken(Gallus gallus): BRCA1 |
| Mutations |
| Note | BRCA1 germline mutations contribute significantly to the development of familial/hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. However, each gene carries as many as 1000 different disease associated mutations, many of which are rare. These mutations are distributed uniformly along the entire coding region and intronic sequences flanking each exon. The mutations are at a high penetrance therefore women who carry these mutations have a lifetime risk of 80-90% to develop breast cancer. Founder mutations such as the BRCA1-185delAG and 5382insC are found among Ashkenazi Jews. Larger and complex genomic rearrangements in the exons 21 and 22 of the BRCA1 gene, resulting in a lack of the BRCT motif have been reported. |
| Implicated in |
| Entity | Breast Cancer |
| Disease | Heterozygous carriers of high-risk mutations in the general Caucasian population have been estimated to be about one in 1000 for the BRCA1 gene. The lifetime risk of the development of hereditary breast cancer with the presence of BRCA1 mutations is very high. In addition, for sporadic breast cancer, a reduction in the expression of BRCA1 rather than the presence of mutations has been observed. The lack of a functional BRCA1 leads to impaired repair of DNA double strand breaks, cell cycle progression and transcriptional regulation, thereby causing the development of neoplasms. |
| Entity | Ovarian Cancer |
| Disease | Mutations of the BRCA1 gene is the major cause for familial breast and ovarian cancer incidence. The lifetime risks of ovarian cancer associated with a BRCA1 gene mutation carrier has been estimated as 40 to 50%. The most common mutations are frameshift and nonsense mutations that are predicted to cause premature truncation of the BRCA1 protein. In addition, mutations that are predicted to affect splice-site consensus sequences as well as missense mutation have also been seen in ovarian cancer. Large genomic alterations, such as the gains in copy number of exon 13 as well as deletion of exons in the BRCA1 gene is also associated with the development of ovarian cancer. |
| Entity | Other cancers |
| Disease | An increased relative risk to the development of cancer of the colon, cervix, uterus, pancreas and prostate has been suggested in BRCA1-mutation carriers. |
| External links |
| Bibliography |
| A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. |
| Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, Futreal PA, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, Liu Q, Cochran C, Bennett LM, Ding W |
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| PMID 7545954 |
| Human Rad51 protein promotes ATP-dependent homologous pairing and strand transfer reactions in vitro. |
| Baumann P, Benson FE, West SC |
| Cell. 1996 ; 87 (4) : 757-766. |
| PMID 8929543 |
| Transcriptional activation by BRCA1. |
| Chapman MS, Verma IM |
| Nature. 1996 ; 382 (6593) : 678-679. |
| PMID 8751436 |
| BRCA1 is a cell cycle-regulated nuclear phosphoprotein. |
| Ruffner H, Verma IM |
| Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997 ; 94 (14) : 7138-7143. |
| PMID 9207057 |
| BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. |
| Scully R, Anderson SF, Chao DM, Wei W, Ye L, Young RA, Livingston DM, Parvin JD |
| Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997 ; 94 (11) : 5605-5610. |
| PMID 9159119 |
| Dynamic changes of BRCA1 subnuclear location and phosphorylation state are initiated by DNA damage. |
| Scully R, Chen J, Ochs RL, Keegan K, Hoekstra M, Feunteun J, Livingston DM |
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| PMID 9267023 |
| Stable interaction between the products of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes in mitotic and meiotic cells. |
| Chen J, Silver DP, Walpita D, Cantor SB, Gazdar AF, Tomlinson G, Couch FJ, Weber BL, Ashley T, Livingston DM, Scully R |
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| PMID 9774970 |
| BRCA1 regulates p53-dependent gene expression. |
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| PMID 9482880 |
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| PMID 9778046 |
| The second BRCT domain of BRCA1 proteins interacts with p53 and stimulates transcription from the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter. |
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| PMID 9926942 |
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| PMID 10426999 |
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| Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000 ; 97 (3) : 1020-1025. |
| PMID 10655477 |
| BASC, a super complex of BRCA1-associated proteins involved in the recognition and repair of aberrant DNA structures. |
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| PMID 10783165 |
| A CREB site in the BRCA1 proximal promoter acts as a constitutive transcriptional element. |
| Atlas E, Stramwasser M, Mueller CR |
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| PMID 11704836 |
| The RING heterodimer BRCA1-BARD1 is a ubiquitin ligase inactivated by a breast cancer-derived mutation. |
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| PMID 11278247 |
| Direct DNA binding by Brca1. |
| Paull TT, Cortez D, Bowers B, Elledge SJ, Gellert M |
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| PMID 11353843 |
| BARD1 induces BRCA1 intranuclear foci formation by increasing RING-dependent BRCA1 nuclear import and inhibiting BRCA1 nuclear export. |
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| PMID 11925436 |
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| Jasin M |
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| PMID 12483514 |
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| PMID 11877386 |
| BRCA1-BARD1 complexes are required for p53Ser-15 phosphorylation and a G1/S arrest following ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. |
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| PMID 15159397 |
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| PMID 15280660 |
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| PMID 17052168 |
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| PMID 16462773 |
| Spectrum of mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, and TP53 in families at high risk of breast cancer. |
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| PMID 17591843 |
| A mechanism for transcriptional repression dependent on the BRCA1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. |
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| PMID 17420471 |
| RAD51 up-regulation bypasses BRCA1 function and is a common feature of BRCA1-deficient breast tumors. |
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| PMID 17942895 |
| Genetic susceptibility for breast cancer: how many more genes to be found? |
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| PMID 17498966 |
| Contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to inherited ovarian cancer. |
| Ramus SJ, Harrington PA, Pye C, DiCioccio RA, Cox MJ, Garlinghouse-Jones K, Oakley-Girvan I, Jacobs IJ, Hardy RM, Whittemore AS, Ponder BA, Piver MS, Pharoah PD, Gayther SA |
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| PMID 17688236 |
| Novel complex genomic rearrangement of the BRCA1 gene. |
| Zikan M, Pohlreich P, Stribrna J, Kleibl Z, Cibula D |
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| PMID 17868747 |
| REVIEW articles | automatic search in PubMed |
| Last year publications | automatic search in PubMed |
| Contributor(s) |
| Written | 10-2007 | Sreeparna Banerjee |
| Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06531, Turkey |
| Citation |
| This paper should be referenced as such : |
| Banerjee S . BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. October 2007 . |
| URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/BRCA1ID163ch17q21.html |
The various updated versions of this paper are referenced and archived by INIST as such : |
| http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/2042/38518/1/10-2007-BRCA1ID163ch17q21.pdf [ Bibliographic record ] |
| © Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology | indexed on : Fri Apr 18 17:34:22 CEST 2014 |
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