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Entity | Lung cancer |
Note | : It has been suggested that GSTM1-null genotype may be associated with the risk of lung cancer, however there is a possibility that the magnitude of the association varies significantly by characteristics, such as ethnic background (Ye et al., 2006). Furthermore, observations from a large pooled analysis strongly suggest the existence of gene-gene interactions in lung carcinogenesis, leading to an increased risk of lung cancer in case of the double deletion of both GSTM1 and GSTT1, which is even more potentiated when CYP1A1-4 is included (Vineis et al., 2007). In studies conducted in populations where tobacco use is likely to be the primary cause of lung cancer, the GSTM1-null genotype was associated with a significantly increased lung cancer risk, as well as, in populations exposed to sources of indoor air pollution from cooking and heating (Hosgood et al., 2007). |
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Entity | Breast cancer |
Note | Only a slightly higher breast cancer risk has been suggested among women with GSTM1 deletion, more significant in post-menopausal women, as well as, in populations with a lower frequency of GSTM1 deficiency (Sull et al., 2004). Further analysis showed that increased breast cancer risk was associated with GSTM1-null genotype in Caucasian and Asian women, suggesting GSTM1-null genotype as a low-penetrant risk factor for developing breast cancer (Qiu et al., 2010). The GSTM1-null genotype is also recognized as a risk factor for synchronous breast cancers and for breast cancer associated with one extramammary cancer (Chiril? et al., 2014). Recently, GSTM1 polymorphism has been suggested as a prognostic factor in women with breast cancer (Oliveira et al., 2014). |
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Entity | Oral and pharyngeal cancers |
Note | Although an association between the GSTM1-null genotype and head and neck tumors has been suggested, the meta-analysis of Varela-Lema et al. (2008) showed that GSTM1-null genotype could not be associated with oral and pharyngeal tumors in Caucasians, possibly due to the fact that previous meta- and pooled analysis did not analyze ethnic specificity. However, polymorphic deletion of the GSTM1 gene seems to markedly alter the alcohol-tobacco interaction, contributing to susceptibility to oral and pharyngeal cancer (Peters et al., 2006). |
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Entity | Esophageal cancer |
Note | There are contradictory findings regarding the role of GSTM1 polimorphism in susceptibility to esophageal cancer. Namely, it seems that ethnic specificity plays a role, since no significant association between GST genotypes and esophageal squamous cell or adenocarcinoma risk in Caucasian was found (Dura et al., 2013), while association between GSTM1-null genotype and risk of esophageal carcinoma has been confirmed in Chinese population (Zhong et al., 2013). |
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Entity | Gastric cancer |
Note | It has been found that GSTM1-null genotype is associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. When analyzed according to ethnicities, increased risk of gastric cancer was only observed in Asians, while no significant association was found in Caucasians or Latin Americans. GSTM1-null genotype increases susceptibility to gastric cancer both in ever-smokers and non-smokers, while the significant association was only observed in Helicobacter pylori positive population (Zhao et al., 2013; Lao et al., 2014). |
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Entity | Liver cancer |
Note | GSTM1-null genotype is associated with significantly increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma only among East Asians and Indians, while the association is lacking among Caucasian and African populations (Shen et al., 2014). This is further confirmed by results on association between GSTM1-null genotype and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese population (Liu et al., 2013). |
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Entity | Pancreatic cancer |
Note | Available data are not sufficient to identify the association between the GSTM1 polymorphism and pancreatic cancer risk (Fan et al., 2013). |
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Entity | Renal cell carcinoma |
Note | Recent meta-analysis of 11 case-control studies showed that the dual null genotype of GSTM1/GSTT1 is significantly associated with an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma (Jia et al., 2014). However, deletion polymorphism of GSTM1 does not contribute individually to susceptibility to renal cell carcinoma (Yang et al., 2013; Salinas-Sánchez et al., 2012) |
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Entity | Bladder cancer |
Note | Recent investigation indicates that the GSTM1-null genotype in combination with the GSTA1-low activity genotype significantly increases the risk of bladder cancer in smokers (Matic et al., 2013). In addition, it seems that GSTM1-null and GSTA1-low activity genotypes are associated with enhanced oxidative damage in bladder cancer (Savic-Radojevic et al., 2013). Furthermore, latest results of Wang et al. (2014) suggested that GSTM1-null genotype is among seven bladder cancer risk-associated variants (rs9642880, rs2294008, rs798766, rs1495741, GSTM1-null, rs17674580 and rs10936599) that may be used, collectively, to effectively measure inherited risk for bladder cancer. |
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Entity | Prostatic cancer |
Note | It has been shown that GSTM1 gene polymorphism contributes to prostatic cancer susceptibility (Cai et al., 2014). Furthermore, Chen et al. (2013) identified a possible association between GSTM1-null genotype and prostate cancer recurrence risk with borderline significance. As suggested by Acevedo et al. (2014), GSTM1-active genotype may also be a good prognosis marker, particularly in patients with high-risk tumors. |
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Entity | Ovarian cancer |
Note | Available meta-analysis show that GSTM1-null genotype is not associated with ovarian cancer risk (Yin et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2014). |
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Entity | Leukemia |
Note | Results of recent meta-analysis suggested that heritable GST status could influence the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia, based on the finding that the GSTM1-null genotype was associated with an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia in East Asians, with a predilection towards the female gender. Furthermore, the double-null genotypes (GSTM1-null and GSTT1-null) increased the risk of acute myeloid leukemia in both Caucasians and East Asians (He et al., 2014). Regarding chronic myeloid leukemia, Banescu et al. (2014) found no association with susceptibility to this type of leukemia. |
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Entity | Melanoma |
Note | The results reported in the latest meta-analysis suggested that the GSTM1 polymorphism is not a risk factor for developing melanoma (Nie et al., 2011). On the other hand, the association has been shown between GSTM1-null and GSTT1-null genotypes and sunburns in childhood. Namely, it has been suggested that carriers of GSTM1-null and GSTT1-null genotypes, with history of sunburns in childhood, are in increased risk of melanoma (Fortes et al., 2011). |
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Entity | Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma |
Note | Available data suggest that GSTM1 polymorphism is not associated with risks of basal and squamous cell carcinomas (Peng et al., 2013). |
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Entity | Thyroid cancer |
Note | Regarding the role of GSTM1 polymorphism in the risk of thyroid cancer, the results are still inconclusive. Several studies found the GSTM1-null genotype to be associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer, while some showed protective effect or lack of association. However, the latest meta-analysis suggested that GSTM1-null genotype does not affect susceptibility to thyroid cancer (Li et al., 2012; Gonalves et al., 2009). |
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Entity | Colorectal cancer |
Note | Regarding the role of GSTM1 polymorphism in colorectal cancer, results of comprehensive meta-analysis conducted on forty-four studies (11,998 colorectal cancer cases, 17,552 controls) showed that GSTM1-null allele carriers exhibit increased colorectal cancer risk in Caucasian population, while no significant association was detected for Chinese subjects (Economopoulos and Sergentanis, 2010). When analyzed with respect to smoking, no interactions between GSTM1/smoking and colorectal cancer risk have been reported. One polyp study suggests an interaction between GSTM1 genotype and smoking (Cotton et al., 2000). |
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Entity | Glaucoma |
Note | In their meta-analysis, Huang et al. (2013) suggested that GSTM1-null genotype is associated with increased primary open-angle glaucoma risk in Asian populations, but not in Caucasian and mixed populations. Furthermore, dual null genotype of GSTM1/GSTT1 is also associated with increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (Huang et al., 2013). |
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Entity | Endometriosis |
Note | Available data suggest increased risk for development of endometriosis among Caucasians and Asians, carriers of GSTM1-null genotype (Ding et al., 2014). |
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