| Entity | Prostate cancer |
| Note | Five references have suggested a tumour suppressor role for miR-331 in prostate cancer. The first report demonstrated downregulation of miR-331-3p in prostate cancer, and showed that this promoted ERBB-2 expression and AKT activity. Restoring miR-331-3p to prostate cancer cell lines reduced androgen receptor (AR) pathway signaling and PSA expression. Another report confirmed the reduced expression of miR-331-3p in aggressive prostate cancers. Two other studies showed that the RNA-binding protein HuR induces ERBB-2 expression in prostate cancer by preventing the degradation of ERBB-2 mRNA by miR-331-3p, and that miR-331-3p inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells in part by repressing expression of the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), an enzyme that controls the activity of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A. In the latter study, an inverse correlation between miR-331-3p and DOHH expression was observed in human prostate cancer tissues. A fifth publication confirmed that miR-331-3p is a prostate cancer tumour suppressor via its regulation of KLK4 expression in prostate cancer cells. |
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| Entity | Leukaemia |
| Note | Two references implicate miR-331 in leukaemia. One report showed that the levels of of miR-331-5p were inversely correlated with expression of P-glycoprotein, a drug resistance factor, in leukaemia cell lines with variable resistance to doxorubicin, and that transfection of these cell lines with miR-331-5p increased their sensitivity to doxorubicin. Lower levels of miR-331-5p were also detected in patients following treatment relapse. A second study reported that miR-331 was overexpressed in acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and it was speculated that miR-331 might have roles in haematopoiesis and leukaemogenesis by promoting STAT activation through its regulation of the mRNA target SOCS1. |
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| Entity | Gastric cancer |
| Note | One reference has suggested that miR-331-3p is a gastric cancer tumour suppressor. miR-331-3p was downregulated in gastric cancer cell lines, where transient overexpression of miR-331-3p reduced E2F1 expression and blocked cell cycle progression. |
| | |
| Entity | Liver cancer |
| Note | Increased circulating levels of miR-331 in a rat model of hepatocarcinogenesis suggest that miR-331 may have utility as a biomarker for the development and/or progression of liver cancer. |
| | |
| Entity | Asbestos-related lung cancer |
| Note | One report identified miR-331-3p in a set of overexpressed miRNAs in asbestos-related lung cancer, suggesting that it might have diagnostic use. |
| | |
| Entity | Natural killer (NK) cell activation |
| Note | Activation of NK cells by IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21 was shown to regulate expression of specific miRNAs in NK cells, including miR-331-3p. This suggested that miR-331-3p may have a role in the activation of NK cells. |
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| Entity | Cerebral ischaemia |
| Note | miR-331 expression in cerebral ischaemia was regulated by the mood stabiliser and histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA), suggesting that it may have a role in this disease process. |
| | |
| miRNA expression profiles in chronic lymphocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia. |
| Zanette DL, Rivadavia F, Molfetta GA, Barbuzano FG, Proto-Siqueira R, Silva-Jr WA, Falcao RP, Zago MA. |
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| PMID 17934639 |
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| miR-331-3p regulates ERBB-2 expression and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. |
| Epis MR, Giles KM, Barker A, Kendrick TS, Leedman PJ. |
| J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 11;284(37):24696-704. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.030098. Epub 2009 Jul 7. |
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| Gene networks and microRNAs implicated in aggressive prostate cancer. |
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| miRNA-331-3p directly targets E2F1 and induces growth arrest in human gastric cancer. |
| Guo X, Guo L, Ji J, Zhang J, Zhang J, Chen X, Cai Q, Li J, Gu Q, Liu B, Zhu Z, Yu Y. |
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| PMID 20510161 |
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| The RNA-binding protein HuR opposes the repression of ERBB-2 gene expression by microRNA miR-331-3p in prostate cancer cells. |
| Epis MR, Barker A, Giles KM, Beveridge DJ, Leedman PJ. |
| J Biol Chem. 2011 Dec 2;286(48):41442-54. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.301481. Epub 2011 Oct 4. |
| PMID 21971048 |
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| Down-regulated miR-331-5p and miR-27a are associated with chemotherapy resistance and relapse in leukaemia. |
| Feng DD, Zhang H, Zhang P, Zheng YS, Zhang XJ, Han BW, Luo XQ, Xu L, Zhou H, Qu LH, Chen YQ. |
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| PMID 21070600 |
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| MicroRNA regulation of growth factor receptor signaling in human cancer cells. |
| Giles KM, Barker A, Zhang PM, Epis MR, Leedman PJ. |
| Methods Mol Biol. 2011;676:147-63. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60761-863-8_11. |
| PMID 20931396 |
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| Integrative analysis of microRNA, mRNA and aCGH data reveals asbestos- and histology-related changes in lung cancer. |
| Nymark P, Guled M, Borze I, Faisal A, Lahti L, Salmenkivi K, Kettunen E, Anttila S, Knuutila S. |
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| PMID 21563230 |
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| Circulating microRNAs, possible indicators of progress of rat hepatocarcinogenesis from early stages. |
| Sukata T, Sumida K, Kushida M, Ogata K, Miyata K, Yabushita S, Uwagawa S. |
| Toxicol Lett. 2011 Jan 15;200(1-2):46-52. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.10.013. Epub 2010 Oct 28. |
| PMID 21035526 |
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| Regulation of expression of deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), the enzyme that catalyzes the activation of eIF5A, by miR-331-3p and miR-642-5p in prostate cancer cells. |
| Epis MR, Giles KM, Kalinowski FC, Barker A, Cohen RJ, Leedman PJ. |
| J Biol Chem. 2012 Oct 12;287(42):35251-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.374686. Epub 2012 Aug 20. |
| PMID 22908221 |
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| Post-insult valproic acid-regulated microRNAs: potential targets for cerebral ischemia. |
| Hunsberger JG, Fessler EB, Wang Z, Elkahloun AG, Chuang DM. |
| Am J Transl Res. 2012;4(3):316-32. Epub 2012 Jul 25. |
| PMID 22937209 |
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| Identification of microRNA transcriptome involved in human natural killer cell activation. |
| Liu X, Wang Y, Sun Q, Yan J, Huang J, Zhu S, Yu J. |
| Immunol Lett. 2012 Apr 30;143(2):208-17. |
| PMID 22701882 |
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| The miRNA-kallikrein axis of interaction: a new dimension in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. |
| White NM, Youssef YM, Fendler A, Stephan C, Jung K, Yousef GM. |
| Biol Chem. 2012 Apr 1;393(5):379-89. doi: 10.1515/hsz-2011-0246. |
| PMID 22505520 |
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