Written | 2016-12 | Ana C. Pavanelli, Flávia Regina Mangone, Maria A. Nagai. |
Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903, São Paulo, and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of ão Paulo (ICESP), 01246-000, São Paulo, Brazil; nagai@usp.br |
Abstract | Review on SPARC, with data on DNA, on the protein encoded, and where the gene is implicated. |
Keywords | SPARC; cChromosome 5; Matricellular glycoprotein; Osteogenesis Imperfecta; Osteoporosis; Pulmonary Fibrosis Cardiac Fibrosis; Breast cancer. |
Identity |
Alias (NCBI) | Secreted Protein, Acidic | Cysteine-Rich (Osteonectin) | Basement-Membrane Protein 40 | Osteonectin; BM-40; ON | Secreted Protein Acidic And Rich In Cysteine | Cysteine-Rich Protein | OI17 |
HGNC (Hugo) | SPARC |
HGNC Alias name | cysteine-rich protein | secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine |
HGNC Previous name | ON |
HGNC Previous name | osteonectin |
LocusID (NCBI) | 6678 |
Atlas_Id | 42369 |
Location | 5q31.3-q32 [Link to chromosome band 5q31] |
Location_base_pair | Starts at 151661096 and ends at 151686915 bp from pter ( according to GRCh38/hg38-Dec_2013) [Mapping SPARC.png] |
Fusion genes (updated 2017) | Data from Atlas, Mitelman, Cosmic Fusion, Fusion Cancer, TCGA fusion databases with official HUGO symbols (see references in chromosomal bands) |
DNA/RNA |
Description | DNA size: 26,070 kb; Exon count: 10; mRNA size: 3604 bp NM_003118. A CPG-rich sequence has been identified at the 5' region of the SPARC gene, characterizing the presence of CpG island spanning from exon 1 to intron 1 (Yang et al., 2007). |
Transcription | Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. NM_003118.3 - Homo sapiens secreted protein acidic and cysteine-rich (SPARC), transcript variant 1, mRNA: NP_003109.1. Transcript size: 3604 bp. Variant 1 encodes the predominant isoform. NM_001309443.1 - Homo sapiens secreted protein acidic and cysteine-rich (SPARC), transcript variant 2, mRNA: NP_001296372.1. Transcript size: 3601 bp. Variant 2 uses an alternate in-frame splice junction at the 5' end of an exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform has the same N- and C-termini but is 1 aa shorter compared to isoform 1. NM_001309444.1 - Homo sapiens secreted protein acidic and cysteine-rich (SPARC), transcript variant 3, mRNA: NP_001296373.1 . Transcript size: 3602 bp. Variant 3 uses an alternate splice junction at the 5' end of the last exon compared to variant 1 that causes a frameshift. The resulting isoform has a longer and distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1. |
Protein |
Note | SPARC encodes a cysteine-rich acidic matrix-associated protein that belongs to a family of SPARC-related proteins composed of others six members, that include SPOCK1, SPOCK2, SPOCK3, SPARCL1, SMOC1, SMOC2 (testican-1, -2, -3, SPARC-like 1 (or hevin, Mast9), and SPARC-related modular calcium binding (SMOC)-1, and -2). All members of this protein family share the three similar domains (Bradshaw and Sage, 2001; Brekken and Sage, 2000). SPARC protein is required for the collagen in the bone to become calcified. SPARC is also involved in extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling being associated with the promotion of changes in cell shape. SPARC protein has been associated with tumor suppression but has also been correlated with metastasis based on changes to cell shape which can promote tumor cell invasion (GeneCard RefSeq). molecular weight: 303aa, 43 kDa; Isoelectric point: 4.4719. Although, after cleavage of the signal sequence, SPARC is a 32-kDa protein (Mason et al. 1986), the secreted form is identified as a 43 kDa protein on SDS-PAGE, which is due to the addition of carbohydrate (Sage et al. 1984). NP_003109.1: molecular weight: 303 aa; NP_001296372.1: molecular weight: 302 aa; NP_001296373.1: molecular weight: 341 aa |
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Figure 1 - Schematic representation of the 303 aa human SPARC protein with its functional and structural domains. Box represents the three functional domains: acidic domain (18-52aa), follistatin-like (53-137aa), extracellular Ca2+-binding (138- 286aa). The first seventeen amino acids correspond to the signaling peptide. Stars and triangles represent some of the structural domains: yellow and green stars represent collagen-binding and high-affinity Ca2+-binding residues, respectively. Triangles represent cleavage sites for cathepsin (blue), MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP9, and MMP13 (red), and MMP3 (purple). (based on Brekken and Sage, 2001; Chlenski and Cohn, 2010) | |
Description | SPARC is a 43kDa protein, composed of 303 aminoacids. The first 17 amino acids containing the signaling peptide sequence is removed during protein processing. SPARC protein has three structural domains: N-terminal domain (NT; aa 3-51) encoded by exons 3 and 4, follistatin-like domain (FS; 53-137 aa) encoded by exons 5 and 6, the Extra Cellular domain (EC; aa 138-286) encoded by exons 7 to 9. It has eleven collagen- and six high-affinity Ca2+ binding residues. Also, the protein presents cleavage sites for cathepsin and members of the metalloproteinases family (Brekken and Sage, 2000; figure 1). The NT domain binds hydroxyapatite and calcium ions. The FS domain contains several internal disulfide bonds that stabilize two weakly interacting modules. The N-terminus region of the FS domain has a very twisted-hairpin structure that is linked by disulfide bonds at cysteines 1-3, and 2-4. This distribution of disulfide bonds makes the FS-domain structurally homologous to epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain of factor IX, a coagulation factor. At the other end of the FS-domain, its C-terminus region has structural similarity to Kazal family of serine proteases. It has antiparallel alpha-helices connected to small three-stranded antiparallel alpha-sheets with disulfide bonds linking cysteines 5-9, 6-8, 7-10. The EC domain contains two E-F hand motifs that bind calcium with high affinity, and comprise almost entirely of alpha-helices (Hohenester et al., 1997). |
Expression | The evaluation of the expression pattern of SPARC protein and mRNA during human embryonic and fetal development revealed that it is usually expressed in tissues undergoing rapid proliferation (Mundlos et al., 1992). These authors also showed that earlier developmental stages showed a more general distribution, changing to more heterogeneity expression pattern in later stages. SPARC expression was observed in bone, cartilage, teeth, kidney, gonads, adrenal gland, lung, eye, vessels (Mundlos et al., 1992). In adults SPARC is expressed in different tissues and organs, including bone marrow, whole blood, lymph node, thymus, brain, cerebellum, retina, heart, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, spinal cord, intestine, colon, adipocyte, kidney, liver, pancreas, thyroid, salivary gland, skin, ovary, uterus, placenta, cervix and prostate (Wang et al, 2014). It is also described that SPARC is expressed by different cell types including active osteoblasts, bone marrow progenitor cells, odontoblasts endothelial cells, fibroblasts, pericytes, astrocytes and macrophages (McCurdy et al. 2010; Rosseta and Bradshaw, 2016). In cancer, according to PrognoScan database, SPARC expression was observed in bladder, blood, brain, breast, colorectal, eye tumors, glioma, head and neck cancer, lung, esophagus, ovarian, and skin cancer tissues (Wang et al., 2014). There are evidences that SPARC expression is transcriptionally regulated by methylation in different types of neoplasia such as ovarian cancer (Socha et al, 2009), pancreatic cancer (Vaz et al, 2015), hepatocellular carcinoma (Zhang et al, 2012) colorectal (Cheetham et al., 2008) and breast (Matteucci et al, 2016). Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 5q has been demonstrated in pancreatic cancer (Hahn et al., 1995), in pulmonary fibrosis (Demopoulos et al., 2002) and myelodysplastic syndromes (Giagounidis et al., 2014). |
Localisation | SPARC is a secreted glycoprotein found mainly in the extracellular compartment. However, it has also been described to be localized both to cell nucleus and to cytoplasm (Hudson et al., 2005; Baldini et al. 2008). |
Function | SPARC is an evolutionarily conserved matricellular glycoprotein that is involved in diverse biological processes, including tissue remodeling, wound repair, morphogenesis, cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Matricellular glycoprotein proteins are a family of proteins that can be associated with structural elements and mediates cell-matrix interaction rather than functions as extracellular matrix (ECM) structural elements (Bornstein, 1995). SPARC was first described in skeletal tissue as a bone-specific protein that binds selectively to both hydroxyapatite and collagen (Termine et al., 1981). Posteriorly, it was shown that this protein is broadly expressed both in mineralized and non-mineralized tissues being associated to ECM, regulating cell-matrix interactions and cellular functions, than contributing to ECM organization (Bornstein, 2000; Bradshaw, 2012). SPARC has also been shown to regulate the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), a family of enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, such as collagen, normally found in ECM and considered to be the mediators of ECM proteolysis and turnover. Angiogenesis, healing and metastasis, processes that require ECM restructuring are associated with higher SPARC production. The influence of SPARC on MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 activity was first described by Tremble et al., 1993. Further studies were carried out in transformed cells and tumor, and it was demonstrated that SPARC could increase MMP-2 activity in glioma cells and breast cancer cells but not in melanoma cells (McClung et al., 2007, Nischt et al., 2001, Gilles et al., 1998). |
Homology | The human SPARC gene shows 92% and 31% identity with the mouse and nematode homologs, respectively. SPARC is conserved in a wide variety of evolutionarily diverse organisms (e.g., C. elegans, Drosophila, brine shrimp, trout, chicken, mice, and humans), suggesting that it plays an important function in multicellular biology (Bradshaw and Sage, 2001). |
Implicated in |
Entity | Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Type XVII |
Note | SPARC gene mutations have been correlated with a severe disease known as osteogenesis imperfecta, a connective tissue disorder characterized by low bone mass, bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures after minimal trauma. Whole-exome sequencing was carried out in 2 unrelated girls carrying osteogenesis imperfecta (OI17; 616507) leading to the identification of two different homozygous missense mutations, R166H (VAR_075142) and E263K (VAR_075143) (Mendoza-Londono et al., 2015). Previous studies described diminished expression of SPARC in osteoblasts from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (Muriel et al., 1991) and in osteoblasts obtained from the fro/fro mouse, an animal with fragile bones (Vetter et al., 1991) |
Entity | Osteoporosis |
Note | The involvement of SPARC in bone remodeling has been described, and its expression is observed in osteoblasts express (Kelm et al., 1992). SPARC-null mice were reported to have decreased numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, indicating decreased bone turnover, resulting in low turnover osteoporosis-like phenotype affecting trabecular bone (Delany, et al., 2000). Also, in osteonectin-null mice, osteonectin levels have been shown to play a role in modulating the balance of bone formation and resorption in response to PTH treatment (Machado do Reis et al., 2008). |
Entity | Pulmonary and Cardiac Fibrosis |
Note | Fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in tissue remodeling and thus interfering with normal tissue architecture and function. SPARC expression and up-regulation have been reported in multiple types of fibrosis both human and animal fibrotic models. It has been shown that SPARC can influence TGFB1 (TGF-beta), a known regulator of fibrosis. Thus it is suggested that SPARC may regulate TGF-beta activity in fibrotic tissues (Trombetta and Bradshaw, 2012). |
Entity | Cardiac disease |
Note | SPARC expression was reported in cardiac disease. It is highly expressed in fibroblasts and endothelial cells and less expressed in cardiac myocytes. By screening analysis, SPARC was found as differentially expressed and potentially associated with myocardial infarction and transverse aortic constriction (Wang et al., 2015). Also, SPARC demonstrated to have potential therapeutic applications in inhibiting cardiac dilatation and dysfunction after myocardial infarction (Schelling et al., 2009). |
Entity | Cancer |
Note | SPARC protein modulates different cell functions like as adhesion, proliferation, angiogenesis, cell survival, and has been associated with tumor development and progression (Arnold and Brekken, 2009; Nagaraju et al., 2014). SPARC is differentially expressed in different types of cancer, and its ability to inhibit or promote tumor progression is dependent on the cellular type, tumoral stage and the type of established interactions among the different components of cellular microenvironment (Arnold and Brekken, 2009). The pleiotropic effects of SPARC reflect the complexity of actions of this protein, which can act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor (Podhajcer et al.,2008; Arnold and Brekken, 2009). Hence, the role of SPARC in the process of tumorigenesis and as a tumor biomarker is still controversial. Higher levels of SPARC were observed in malignant tumors, including breast, esophagus, brain, prostate, glioma, and melanoma, suggesting that increased SPARC expression is associated with tumor progression (Framson and Sage, 2004; Bos et al.,2004; Watkins et al.,2005; Koblinski et al.,2005). On the other hands, other studies have suggested that SPARC may act as a tumor suppressor, promoting apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells and presenting an anti-tumoral effect in pancreatic and breast cancers (Chlenski and Cohn, 2010; Nagai et al.,2011). Tumor with high metastatic potentials such as glioblastomas, melanoma, breast and prostate cancer, express higher levels of SPARC while less metastatic tumor-like ovarian, pancreatic and colorectal tumors, expresses lower or undetectable SPARC (Feng and Tang, 2014). The diversity of SPARC expression effects has been observed in different types of cancers. SPARC has been associated with tumor development in melanoma, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer and glioma, and data suggests that higher expression is correlated with a more aggressive phenotype such as tumor size, metastasis and poor prognosis (Yamashita K et al., 2003; Bos et al.,2004; Framson and Sage, 2004; Wang et al., 2004; Koblinsk et al.,2005; Zhao et al., 2010; Fenouille et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Rocco et al., 2011; McClung et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2013) The expression of SPARC does not seem to directly influence cellular transformation since SPARC knockout mice do not develop tumors. However, SPARC might significantly influence tumor-stroma interactions contributing to tumor progression and therapy response (Said et al., 2013). In different tumor types such as prostatic carcinoma, neuroblastoma, pulmonary carcinoma, leukemia, pancreatic and colorectal cancer, it was described that SPARC inhibits tumor growth and reverts drug resistance increasing chemotherapy response. (Brekken et al., 2003; Sato et al., 2003; Puolakkainen et al., 2004; Said and Motamed, 2005; Tai et al., 2005; DiMartino et al., 2006; Tai and Tang, 2007; Cheetam et al., 2008; Pan et al., 2008; Wong et al., 2008; Socha et al., 2009; Bhoopathi et al., 2011; Davids and Steensma, 2010; Chew et al., 2011; Rahman et al., 2011). Cheetham et al., 2008, showed that the demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'deoxycytidine (5-Aza) leads to the expression of SPARC and increased chemosensitivity in colon cancer cells. In irinotecan-resistant cancer cells, endogenous or exogenous SPARC exposure triggers senescence associated with increased levels of p16 and TP53 phosphorylation (Chan et al., 2010). Also, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that over-expression of the NT-domain of SPARC leads to a significantly greater sensitivity to chemotherapy and tumor regression that involves an interplay between the NT-domain, BCL2 and CASP8 (caspase 8), which increases apoptosis and confers greater chemosensitivity (Rahman et al., 2011). More recently, Fan et al., demonstrated that over-expression of SPARC increased gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells via up-regulation of the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. These findings provide insight on the role played by SPARC in drug sensitivity and that its re-expression has a potential to restore chemosensitivity. |
Entity | Breast cancer |
Note | In breast cancer, SPARC is expressed in more invasive but not in non-invasive cell lines (Giles et al., 1998). In normal mammary tissue, SPARC expression was undetectable or slightly detectable and in benign mammary lesions the expression was weakly positive. However, the stromal cell of 75% of in situ and invasive breast cancer samples was strongly positive for SPARC (Bellahcène and Castronovo, 1995; Barth et al., 2005; Matteucci et al., 2016). As previous described, the role of SPARC in breast cancer is also controversial. SPARC expression is not detected in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, however, in response to c-Jun overexpression, SPARC expression is highly induced being associated to increased invasive and migration potential (Briggs et al., 2002). Instead, in the tumorigenic model of breast cancer cells, MDA-MD-231, SPARC expression inhibited invasion and metastasis (Koblinski et al., 2005). In breast tumors increased SPARC expression was associated with tumor progression and aggressiveness phenotype (Watkins et al., 2005 and Helleman et al. 2008). On the other hand, the reduction of SPARC protein expression was associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients (Hsiao et al., 2010 e Nagai et al., 2011). In breast cancer brain metastasis SPARC expression was down-regulated in comparison to primary tumors, apart from the tumoral subtype. However, among the primary tumors evaluated, triple negative subtype expressed the higher protein level (Wikman et al., 2014). Previous data of our group, have already shown that association between SPARC and triple negative tumors, and positivity to SPARC was a marker of good prognosis in comparison to those patients with reduced SPARC level (Nagai et al., 2011). |
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J Biol Chem 1984 Mar 25;259(6):3993-4007 |
PMID 6368555 |
Loss of SPARC in bladder cancer enhances carcinogenesis and progression |
Said N, Frierson HF, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Brekken RA, Theodorescu D |
J Clin Invest 2013 Feb;123(2):751-66 |
PMID 23321672 |
Absence of host-secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) augments peritoneal ovarian carcinomatosis |
Said N, Motamed K |
Am J Pathol 2005 Dec;167(6):1739-52 |
PMID 16314484 |
SPARC/osteonectin is a frequent target for aberrant methylation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and a mediator of tumor-stromal interactions |
Sato N, Fukushima N, Maehara N, Matsubayashi H, Koopmann J, Su GH, Hruban RH, Goggins M |
Oncogene 2003 Aug 7;22(32):5021-30 |
PMID 12902985 |
Absence of SPARC results in increased cardiac rupture and dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction |
Schellings MW, Vanhoutte D, Swinnen M, Cleutjens JP, Debets J, van Leeuwen RE, d'Hooge J, Van de Werf F, Carmeliet P, Pinto YM, Sage EH, Heymans S |
J Exp Med 2009 Jan 16;206(1):113-23 |
PMID 19103879 |
Aberrant promoter methylation of SPARC in ovarian cancer |
Socha MJ, Said N, Dai Y, Kwong J, Ramalingam P, Trieu V, Desai N, Mok SC, Motamed K |
Neoplasia 2009 Feb;11(2):126-35 |
PMID 19177197 |
Genome-wide expression analysis of therapy-resistant tumors reveals SPARC as a novel target for cancer therapy |
Tai IT, Dai M, Owen DA, Chen LB |
J Clin Invest 2005 Jun;115(6):1492-502 |
PMID 15902309 |
A novel interaction between procaspase 8 and SPARC enhances apoptosis and potentiates chemotherapy sensitivity in colorectal cancers |
Tang MJ, Tai IT |
J Biol Chem 2007 Nov 23;282(47):34457-67 |
PMID 17897953 |
Osteonectin, a bone-specific protein linking mineral to collagen |
Termine JD, Kleinman HK, Whitson SW, Conn KM, McGarvey ML, Martin GR |
Cell 1981 Oct;26(1 Pt 1):99-105 |
PMID 7034958 |
SPARC, a secreted protein associated with morphogenesis and tissue remodeling, induces expression of metalloproteinases in fibroblasts through a novel extracellular matrix-dependent pathway |
Tremble PM, Lane TF, Sage EH, Werb Z |
J Cell Biol 1993 Jun;121(6):1433-44 |
PMID 8509459 |
The Function of SPARC as a Mediator of Fibrosis |
Trombetta-Esilva J, Bradshaw AD |
Open Rheumatol J 2012;6:146-55 |
PMID 22802913 |
Osteogenesis imperfecta: changes in noncollagenous proteins in bone |
Vetter U, Fisher LW, Mintz KP, Kopp JB, Tuross N, Termine JD, Robey PG |
J Bone Miner Res 1991 May;6(5):501-5 |
PMID 2068957 |
Integrative genomic analyses of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine and its role in cancer prediction |
Wang B, Chen K, Xu W, Chen D, Tang W, Xia TS |
Mol Med Rep 2014 Sep;10(3):1461-8 |
PMID 24938427 |
Overexpression of SPARC gene in human gastric carcinoma and its clinic-pathologic significance |
Wang CS, Lin KH, Chen SL, Chan YF, Hsueh S |
Br J Cancer 2004 Nov 29;91(11):1924-30 |
PMID 15558074 |
Association of serum SPARC level with severity of coronary artery lesion in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary heart disease |
Wang Z, Song HY, An MM, Zhu LL |
Int J Clin Exp Med 2015 Oct 15;8(10):19290-6 |
PMID 26770566 |
Increased levels of SPARC (osteonectin) in human breast cancer tissues and its association with clinical outcomes |
Watkins G, Douglas-Jones A, Bryce R, Mansel RE, Jiang WG |
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005 Apr;72(4):267-72 |
PMID 15763438 |
Loss of CADM1 expression is associated with poor prognosis and brain metastasis in breast cancer patients |
Wikman H, Westphal L, Schmid F, Pollari S, Kropidlowski J, Sielaff-Frimpong B, Glatzel M, Matschke J, Westphal M, Iljin K, Huhtala H, Terracciano L, Kallioniemi A, Sauter G, Müller V, Witzel I, Lamszus K, Kemming D, Pantel K |
Oncotarget 2014 May 30;5(10):3076-87 |
PMID 24833255 |
Analyses of the role of endogenous SPARC in mouse models of prostate and breast cancer |
Wong SY, Crowley D, Bronson RT, Hynes RO |
Clin Exp Metastasis 2008;25(2):109-18 |
PMID 18058030 |
Clinical significance of secreted protein acidic and rich in cystein in esophageal carcinoma and its relation to carcinoma progression |
Yamashita K, Upadhay S, Mimori K, Inoue H, Mori M |
Cancer 2003 May 15;97(10):2412-9 |
PMID 12733139 |
Frequent inactivation of SPARC by promoter hypermethylation in colon cancers |
Yang E, Kang HJ, Koh KH, Rhee H, Kim NK, Kim H |
Int J Cancer 2007 Aug 1;121(3):567-75 |
PMID 17397030 |
Aberrant methylation of SPARC in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implication |
Zhang Y, Yang B, Du Z, Bai T, Gao YT, Wang YJ, Lou C, Wang FM, Bai Y |
World J Gastroenterol 2012 May 7;18(17):2043-52 |
PMID 22563191 |
SPARC is associated with gastric cancer progression and poor survival of patients |
Zhao ZS, Wang YY, Chu YQ, Ye ZY, Tao HQ |
Clin Cancer Res 2010 Jan 1;16(1):260-8 |
PMID 20028745 |
Citation |
This paper should be referenced as such : |
Ana C Pavanelli, Flavia Regina Mangone, Maria A Nagai |
SPARC (secreted protein acidic and cysteine-rich) |
Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2017;21(10):351-357. |
Free journal version : [ pdf ] [ DOI ] |
Other Leukemias implicated (Data extracted from papers in the Atlas) [ 1 ] |
Classification of myelodysplastic syndromes 2015
|
Other Solid tumors implicated (Data extracted from papers in the Atlas) [ 1 ] |
t(5;8)(q33;q23) SPARC/TRPS1
|
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