IGH (Immunoglobulin Heavy)

Alias_names	IGHDY1
	IGH@
Other alias	IGH@ (Immunoglobulin Heavy)
HGNC (Hugo)	IGH
LocusID (NCBI)	3492
Atlas_Id	40
Location	14q32.33  [Link to chromosome band 14q32]
Location_base_pair	Starts at 105535746 and ends at 106879844 bp from pter
	for complete Figure, see: chromosome 14, IMGT (The International ImMunoGeneTics information system ®) © Copyright 1995-2017 IMGT, IMGT is a CNRS trademark
	IGH (Immunoglobulin Heavy) Hybridization with Vysis LSI IGH break apart rearrangement probe (Abbott Molecular, US) showing IGH on 14q32.33 (red-green or a fused yellow signal) - Courtesy Adriana Zamecnikova.

	IGH V-GENE: Green box: Functional; Yellow box: Open reading frame; Red: Pseudogene; Grey triangle: Not sequenced, not found. D-GENE: Blue: Functional; Blue open box: Open reading frame. J-GENE: Grey: Functional . C-GENE: Blue: Functional; Blue dashed box: Open reading frame; Blue open box: Pseudogene. GENES NOT RELATED: Purple open box: Pseudogene. for complete Figure, see: locus IGH, IMGT (The International ImMunoGeneTics information system ®) © Copyright 1995-2017 IMGT, IMGT is a CNRS trademark
Description	The human IGH locus at 14q32.33 spans 1250 kilobases (kb). It consists of 123 to 129 IGHV genes, depending from the haplotypes, 27 IGHD segments belonging to 7 subgroups, 9 IGHJ segments, and 11 IGHC genes. Eighty-two to 88 IGHV genes belong to 7 subgroups, whereas 41 pseudogenes, which are too divergent to be assigned to subgroups, have been assigned to 4 clans. Seven non-mapped IGHV genes have been described as insertion/deletion polymorphism but have not yet been precisely located. The most 5' IGHV genes occupy a position very close to the chromosome 14q telomere whereas the IGHC genes are in a more centromeric position. The potentiel genomic IGH repertoire is more limited since it comprises 38-46 functional IGHV genes belonging to 6 or 7 subgroups depending from the haplotypes 23 IGHD, 6 IGHJ, and 9 IGHC genes. Thirty-five IGH genes have been found outside the main locus in other chromosomal localizations. These genes designated as orphons cannot contribute to the synthesis of the immunoglobulin chains, even if they have an Open Reading Frame (ORF). 9 IGHV orphons and 10 IGHD orphons have been described on chromosome 15 (15q11.2), and 16 IGHV orphons on chromosome 16 (16p11.2). In addition, one IGHC processed gene, IGHEP2 is localised on chromosome 9 (9p24.2-p24.1) This is so far the only processed Ig gene described. The total number of human IGH genes per haploid genome is 170 to 176 (206 to 212 genes, if the orphons and the processed gene are included) of which 77 to 84 genes are functional. List of the human IGH genes

Note
Entity	Translocations which frequently result from errors of the recombinase enzyme complexe (RAG1, RAG2, etc.), responsable of the Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor V-J and V-D-J rearrangements, or from errors of the switch enzyme. IGHV, IGHD or IGHJ recombination signals or isolated heptamer (first case) or switch sequences (second case) are observed at the breakpoints
	c-Immunoglobulin genes IgH at 14q32.33, in normal cells: PAC 998D24 - Courtesy Mariano Rocchi, Resources for Molecular Cytogenetics.
Entity	t(1;14)(p21;q32); involve IGH - BCL10 in 1p21
Disease	marginal zone B-cell lymphoma
Entity	t(3;14)(q27;q32); involve IGH -BCL6 in 3q27
Disease	B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), mainly diffuse large cell lymphoma; adult aggressive lymphoma
Prognosis	controversial
Entity	t(4;14)(p16;q32); involve IGH - FGFR3 in 4p16
Disease	plasma cell leukaemia and multiple myeloma
Prognosis	yet poorly described
Entity	t(5;14)(q31;q32); involve IGH - IL3 in 5q31
Disease	B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with hypereosinophilia
Prognosis	prognosis appears to be poor
Entity	t(8;14)(q11;q32)
Disease	B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Prognosis	still unknown
Entity	t(8;14)(q24;q32) ; involve IGH - C-MYC in 8q24
Disease	B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL3) and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), especially in the Burkitt lymphoma
Prognosis	the prognosis has evolved with new treatments
Entity	t(9;14)(p13;q32); involve IGH - PAX5 in 9p13
Disease	lymphoplasmatic lymphoma
Entity	t(10;14)(q24;q32); involve IGH - HOX 11 in 10q24
Disease	B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
Prognosis	not unfavourable
Entity	t(11;14)(q13;q32); involve IGH - BCL1 in 11q13
Disease	t(11;14) is mainly found in mantle cell lymphoma; B-prolymphocytic leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes, and multiple myeloma other B-cell lymphoproliferations
Entity	t(14;18)(q32;q21); involve IGH - BCL2 in 18q21
Disease	follicle centre cell lymphoma mainly, and also diffuse large cell lyphoma; rarely in other B-cell lymphoproliferations
Prognosis	the t(14;18) may have little or no prognostic significance
Entity	t(14;19)(q32;q13.1); involve IGH - BCL3 in 19q13
Disease	chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) mainly, and other B-cell lymphoproliferations
Prognosis	t(14;19) is an adverse prognostic factor in CLL, compared to the usual prognosis in CLL

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