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| Description | The JUND protein contains 347 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight 35.2 kD. From N-terminus to C-terminus, JUND has a JNK phosphorylating motif (Ser90/Ser100), DNA binding domain, nuclear localization signal (NLS), and a leucine zipper domain. Since this protein lacks the JNK docking site, JUND can only be weakly phosphorylated by JNK. Although the JunD gene has no introns and produces a single transcript, the JUND mRNA translates two JUND protein isoforms, JUND-L and JUND-S. By using a different in-frame translational initiation site, the third AUG codon in JUND mRNA, the short version of JUND, JUND-S, was generated that lacks the N-terminal 43 amino acids. Due to this N-terminal truncation, the JUND-S is unable to associate with Menin, another tumor suppressor protein. |
| Expression | JUND is the most broadly expressed member of the JUN family but expressed at low level. |
| Localisation | The subcellular location of this protein is most likely in the nucleus. Less likely possibilities are in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria. |
| Function | JUND is a member of the JUN family of basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding proteins. Analysis of the protein expression levels demonstrated an opposite expression pattern between JUN and JUND. When cells entry into the G0 phase of the cell cycle by serum starvation, JUN level decreases and JUND level increases. Similar to JUNB, JUND has been shown as an antagonist of JUN in the induction of cyclin D1. Therefore, increasing the abundance of JUND may maintain the cells in a quiescent state. Transformation studies demonstrated that excess JUND protein could partially suppress the transformed phenotype mediated by JUN in cooperation with Ras. The effect of JUND in development appears to be marginal. Mice lacking JUND are viable with only mild defects in growth and spermatogenesis, whereas mice lacking JUN or JUNB die in embryo. |
| c-jun is essential for normal mouse development and hepatogenesis. |
| Hilberg F, Aguzzi A, Howells N, Wagner EF |
| Nature. 1993 ; 365 (6442) : 179-181. |
| PMID 8371760 |
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| Variations in Jun and Fos protein expression and AP-1 activity in cycling, resting and stimulated fibroblasts. |
| Lallemand D, Spyrou G, Yaniv M, Pfarr CM |
| Oncogene. 1997 ; 14 (7) : 819-830. |
| PMID 9047389 |
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| The mammalian Jun proteins: redundancy and specificity. |
| Mechta-Grigoriou F, Gerald D, Yaniv M |
| Oncogene. 2001 ; 20 (19) : 2378-2389. |
| PMID 11402334 |
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| Two proteins translated by alternative usage of initiation codons in mRNA encoding a JunD transcriptional regulator. |
| Okazaki S, Ito T, Ui M, Watanabe T, Yoshimatsu K, Iba H |
| Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 1998 ; 250 (2) : 347-353. |
| PMID 9753632 |
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| Mouse JunD negatively regulates fibroblast growth and antagonizes transformation by ras. |
| Pfarr CM, Mechta F, Spyrou G, Lallemand D, Carillo S, Yaniv M |
| Cell. 1994 ; 76 (4) : 747-760. |
| PMID 8124713 |
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| JunB is essential for mammalian placentation. |
| Schorpp-Kistner M, Wang ZQ, Angel P, Wagner EF |
| The EMBO journal. 1999 ; 18 (4) : 934-948. |
| PMID 10022836 |
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| Translational regulation of the JunD messenger RNA. |
| Short JD, Pfarr CM |
| The Journal of biological chemistry. 2002 ; 277 (36) : 32697-32705. |
| PMID 12105216 |
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| Targeted disruption of the murine junD gene results in multiple defects in male reproductive function. |
| Thépot D, Weitzman JB, Barra J, Segretain D, Stinnakre MG, Babinet C, Yaniv M |
| Development (Cambridge, England). 2000 ; 127 (1) : 143-153. |
| PMID 10654608 |
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| Differential binding of the Menin tumor suppressor protein to JunD isoforms. |
| Yazgan O, Pfarr CM |
| Cancer research. 2001 ; 61 (3) : 916-920. |
| PMID 11221882 |
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