Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

Home   Genes   Leukemias   Solid Tumors   Cancer-Prone   Deep Insight   Case Reports   Journals  Portal   Teaching   
X Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 NA

MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor)

Written2013-04Nicole D Riddle, Paul Zhang
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA (NDR); Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA (PZ)

(Note : for Links provided by Atlas : click)

Identity

Alias_namesWS2A
WS2
Waardenburg syndrome, type 2A
microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
melanogenesis associated transcription factor
Alias_symbol (synonym)MI
bHLHe32
Other aliasCMM8
HGNC (Hugo) MITF
LocusID (NCBI) 4286
Atlas_Id 44193
Location 3p14.1  [Link to chromosome band 3p14]
Location_base_pair Starts at 69936600 and ends at 69968337 bp from pter ( according to hg19-Feb_2009)  [Mapping MITF.png]
Local_order The MITF gene is located between the genes PDHB (telomeric) and PROK2 (centromeric).
 
Fusion genes
(updated 2017)		Data from Atlas, Mitelman, Cosmic Fusion, Fusion Cancer, TCGA fusion databases with official HUGO symbols (see references in chromosomal bands)
ACTG1 (17q25.3) / MITF (3p13)CGGBP1 (3p11.1) / MITF (3p13)MITF (3p13) / MTERF3 (8q22.1)
Note Total size: 228903 bps.
MITF has 18 transcripts and encodes a transcription factor that contains both a helix-loop-helix structure as well as a leucine zipper.
Target genes: MITF has been shown to recognize the E-box (CAYRTG) and M-box (TCAYRTG or CAYRTGA) sequences in the promoter regions of multiple target genes, including ACP5, BCL2, BEST1, BIRC7, CDK2, CLCN7, DCT, EDNRB, GPNMB, GPR143, MC1R, MLANA, OSTM1, RAB27A, SILV, SLC45A2, TBX2, TRPM1, TYR and TYRP1 (Hoek et al., 2008b).

DNA/RNA

Description The gene encompasses 229 kb, and has 9 exons.
Transcription Nine different isoforms have been described for MITF, each with different 5' specificity (MITF -A, -J, -C, -MC, -E, -H, -D, -B, -M). All isoforms have exons 2-9 in common, encoding the functional domains of the transcription factors. Exon 1 is variable and the domains within it are the transactivation domain (TAD) and the beta-helix-loop-helix-zipper (B-HLH-Zip). Some isoforms are specific for certain cells types, i.e. M: melanocytes, MC: mast cells (Levy et al., 2006).

Protein

Description 526 aa, 58795 Da.
Regulates the differentiation and development of melanocytes, neural crest-derived cells, retinal epithelium (optic cup-derived retinal pigment epithelium), mast cells, and osteoclasts (Lin and Fisher, 2007; Adijanto et al., 2012).

Post translational modifications:
- Phosphorylation at Ser-405 significantly enhances the ability to bind the tyrosinase promoter.
- Phosphorylation at Ser-180 and Ser-516 by MAPK and RPS6KA1 activate the transcription factor activity and promote ubiquitiniation and subsequent degradation.
- Can be deubiquitinated by USP13, preventing its degradation.

Expression Found in most human tissues. Particularly high quantities in retina, uterus, pineal gland, and adipocytes (biogps.org).
Localisation Nucleus.
Function A transcription factor that activates the transcription of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT). These are enzymes that are specifically expressed in melanocytes (Yasumoto et al., 1995). For tyrosinase, MITF binds to a symmetrical DNA sequence found in the promoter region: a restricted subset of E-box motives containing canonical CATGTG sequence flanked by a 5' thymidine (Aksan and Goding, 1998). The regulation of the DCT promoter is even more complex and involves other proteins like CREB and SOX10; and PAX3 has an inhibitory effect on DCT activation by MITF (Bertolotto et al., 1998; Ludwig et al., 2004; Lang et al., 2005).
Not only does MITF activate genes involved in melanin synthesis, it also activates the transcription of genes involved in melanosome structure (PMEL17, MART-1), biogenesis (ocular albinism type 1 gene), and transport (RAB27A) (Du et al., 2003; Vetrini et al., 2004; Chiaverini et al., 2008). Also, MITF activates the transcription of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene which encodes a melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor normally present on the plasma membrane of melanocytes: this binding is the first step in the hormonal regulation of pigmentation (Vachtenheim and Borovansky, 2010).
In addition, MITF plays a role in apoptosis through several target genes, showing importance of MITF in melanocyte development and survival. MITF controls the transcription of BCL-2, and known inhibitor of apoptosis (McGill et al., 2002). Therefore, MITF mutation may explain the reduced number of melanocytes in certain disorders (Samija et al., 2010). MITF also induces transcription of melanoma-inhibitor-of-apoptosis (BIRC7, ML-IAP) (Dynek et al., 2008). Furthermore, it regulates a receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (MET), whose activation inhibits melanocyte apoptosis (Beuret et al., 2007).
MITF also plays a role in melanocyte proliferation by regulating several genes involved in the cell-cycle: cyclin-dependant kinase 2 (CDK2), transcription factor TBX2, and Dia1 protein (Diaph1). These promote cell-cycle progression, prevent senescence and cell-cycle arrest, and increase cellular proliferation, respectively (Du et al., 2004; Carreira et al., 2005; Carreira et al., 2006). However, MITF also has anti-proliferative properties by way of inducing cell-cycle arrest by activating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A and 2A (CDKN1A/p21, CDKN2A/p16) (Carreira et al., 2005; Loercher et al., 2005). It has believed that both depletion and over-expression inhibit proliferation whereas normal levels promote proliferation (Kido et al., 2009).
MITF also has important roles in osteoclast and mast cell development and function. In osteoclasts it activates transcription of functional proteins tartrate-resistant alkaline phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K, OSCAR, e-cadherin, OSTM1 and CLCN7 (Meadows et al., 2007). In mast cells MITF activates the transcription of mast cell proteases 2,4,5,6, and 9, granzyme B, tryptophan hydroxylase, and kit, all important for differentiation and function (Kitamura et al., 2006).
Up-stream regulation: LysRS-Ap4A-MITF signaling pathway (Lee et al., 2004); Wnt signaling pathway (Takeda et al., 2000); alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone signaling pathway (Bertolotto et al., 1998).
Homology High homology to TFE genes (TFE3, TFEB, TFEC, etc.) and the myc family of bHLH transcription factors (Dickson et al., 2011).

Mutations

Note The MITF promoter is partially regulated by certain transcription factors such as PAX3, SOX10, LEF-1/TCF and CREB during development. Mutations affecting the MITF and the MITF pathway lead to pigmentary and auditory defects (Cimadamore et al., 2012; Pierrat et al., 2012).
Germinal Mutations in the MITF at germline will lead to syndromes with pigmentary and/or auditory defects. Mutations in MITF are also known to give a predisposition to certain cancers, including melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (Bertolotto et al., 2011). Heterozygous mutations lead to auditory/pigmentary syndromes such as Waardenburg type 2 and Tietz syndrome (Lin and Fisher, 2007).

Implicated in

Note
  
Entity Melanoma
Note A malignant neoplasm of melanocytes, arising either from pre-existing benign nevi or de novo and occurring most commonly on the skin, but may occur in other locations.
There have been linkage and genome wide association studies (GWAS) studies that have shown no evidence to implicate MITF in melanoma (Gillanders et al., 2003; Bishop et al., 2009). However, MITF has been shown to be mutated in a subset of melanomas and overexpressed in others (Garraway et al., 2005; Cronin et al., 2009). This raises the possibility of MITF's involved despite the lack of prior evidence for germline risk. Indeed, individuals with a specific MITF mutation (E318K) have a 5-fold increase risk of developing melanoma (Yokoyama et al., 2011).
MITF amplification has also been associated with decreased survival and chemoresistance (Gallaway et al., 2005). It is postulated the MITF may be a lineage specific oncogene in melanoma, particularly in the subset with CDKN2A mutations (Garraway and Sellers, 2006; Bennett, 2008). This hypothesis is supported by research that has shown that all melanoma cell lines that had MITF gene amplifications also had CDKN2A pathway inactivation (Gallaway et al., 2005). MITFs role as a lineage specific oncogene is also supported by its important part in cell growth, survival, growth, and proliferation through BCL2, CDK2, TBX2, ML-IAP etc, as described above.
In addition, BRAF mutations (found in ~60% of melanomas) have a two-fold regulation of MITF transcription and is believed to keep MITF at appropriate levels promoting melanoma cell proliferation and survival. Supporting this theory is the fact that pure up-regulation of MITF inhibits melanoma cell proliferation and re-expression reduces tumorigenecity in vivo (Wellbrock and Marais, 2005). And MITF expression by immunohistochemistry has been shown to decrease with disease progression, and be a predictor of overall and disease-free survival (Salti et al., 2000; Zhuang et al., 2007).
As mentioned above, MITF is not expressed in all melanomas. This indicates that there are different subsets of melanomas which differ in their need of MITF for their progression and survival (Salti et al., 2000; Miettinen et al., 2001; Granter et al., 2002). There is also evidences that the role of MITF may change within a melanoma during progression (Hoek et al., 2008a).
  
  
Entity Renal cell carcinoma
Note Malignant transformation of the renal parenchyma. Associated with Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: a rare, autosomal dominant disease predisposing to clear cell renal cell carcinoma, as well as hemangioblastomas, pheochromocytomas, pancreatic cysts and neuroendocrine tumors, endolymphatic sac tumors, and a general increase risk in cancer; results from mutation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3p.
A subset of renal cell carcinomas, more common in children, are associated with TFE3 mutations, a member of the microphthalmia (MIT) family, closely related to MITF.
Recent studies have shown that the same MITF mutation associated with increased risk of melanoma (E318K) also leads to increased risk of renal cell carcinoma (Bertolotto et al., 2011). However, it is unclear at this time the role that MITF in particular plays in renal tumors. It may be that this mutation leads to disrupted interaction with TFE3. Or it is possible that mechanisms are similar to that of melanoma, however, MITF is not associated with normal kidney function in the same way that it is in normal melanocyte function. Research is ongoing in this area.
  
  
Entity Waardenburg syndrome
Note A group of autosomal dominant inherited conditions that involve deafness and lack of pigment of the hair, skin, and/or eyes. There are 4 main types of WS, 1 and 2 being most common. MITF is the gene associated with Waardenburg syndrome 2a (WS2a), characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and patches of depigmentation, with or without ocular albinism. These features may show variable expression and penetrance.
Some of the mutations are single or multiple amino acid changes that alter the helix-loop-helix or leucine zipper motif. There are other mutations that create a shortened, non-functional version of MITF. It is believed that all of these mutations disrupt the formation of the dimers necessary for proper function and development; thereby there is an insufficient concentration of the MITF protein within the cytoplasm for normal function (haploinsufficiency). Also, as described above, MITF regulates BCL-2, ML-IAP, and MET. Without adequate amounts of MITF there is over-apoptosis of melanocytes. This leads to a decreased number of melanocytes in certain areas of the skin, hair, eyes, inner ear, etc (Tachibana, 1997; Samija et al., 2010).
Patients with WS1 will have the addition of craniofacial deformities and those with WS3 (Klein-Waardenburg syndrome) have limb deformities, both are due to mutations in PAX3, which is part of the MITF pathway, Those with WS4 (Waardenburg-Shah Syndrome) will also have Hirchsprung's syndrome, associated with mutations in 3 genes: SOX10, endothelin 3, and endothelin receptor B (Tassabehji et al., 1995; Widlund and Fisher, 2003).
  
  
Entity Tietz syndrome
Note An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by generalized hypopigmentation (fair skin and light-colored hair) and profound bilateral congenital hearing loss. Penetrance is complete.
The mutation is a change or deletion of a single amino acid in the basic motif region. This resultant altered protein cannot bind to DNA, thereby affecting the development of melanocytes, and therefore, melanin production (Smith et al., 2000). The mechanism is similar to Waardenburg syndrome, but more severe. In a heterozygote the abnormal protein cannot dimerise effectively even with a normal allele product, i.e. even the normal allele does not function. This concept is referred to as a dominant negative. There is effectively no normal MITF available (Smith et al., 2000).
  

Bibliography

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) promotes differentiation of human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by regulating microRNAs-204/211 expression.
Adijanto J, Castorino JJ, Wang ZX, Maminishkis A, Grunwald GB, Philp NJ.
J Biol Chem. 2012 Jun 8;287(24):20491-503. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.354761. Epub 2012 Apr 20.
PMID 22523078
 
Targeting the microphthalmia basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper transcription factor to a subset of E-box elements in vitro and in vivo.
Aksan I, Goding CR.
Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Dec;18(12):6930-8.
PMID 9819381
 
How to make a melanoma: what do we know of the primary clonal events?
Bennett DC.
Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2008 Feb;21(1):27-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2007.00433.x. (REVIEW)
PMID 18353141
 
A SUMOylation-defective MITF germline mutation predisposes to melanoma and renal carcinoma.
Bertolotto C, Lesueur F, Giuliano S, Strub T, de Lichy M, Bille K, Dessen P, d'Hayer B, Mohamdi H, Remenieras A, Maubec E, de la Fouchardiere A, Molinie V, Vabres P, Dalle S, Poulalhon N, Martin-Denavit T, Thomas L, Andry-Benzaquen P, Dupin N, Boitier F, Rossi A, Perrot JL, Labeille B, Robert C, Escudier B, Caron O, Brugieres L, Saule S, Gardie B, Gad S, Richard S, Couturier J, Teh BT, Ghiorzo P, Pastorino L, Puig S, Badenas C, Olsson H, Ingvar C, Rouleau E, Lidereau R, Bahadoran P, Vielh P, Corda E, Blanche H, Zelenika D, Galan P; French Familial Melanoma Study Group, Aubin F, Bachollet B, Becuwe C, Berthet P, Bignon YJ, Bonadona V, Bonafe JL, Bonnet-Dupeyron MN, Cambazard F, Chevrant-Breton J, Coupier I, Dalac S, Demange L, d'Incan M, Dugast C, Faivre L, Vincent-Fetita L, Gauthier-Villars M, Gilbert B, Grange F, Grob JJ, Humbert P, Janin N, Joly P, Kerob D, Lasset C, Leroux D, Levang J, Limacher JM, Livideanu C, Longy M, Lortholary A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Mansard S, Mansuy L, Marrou K, Mateus C, Maugard C, Meyer N, Nogues C, Souteyrand P, Venat-Bouvet L, Zattara H, Chaudru V, Lenoir GM, Lathrop M, Davidson I, Avril MF, Demenais F, Ballotti R, Bressac-de Paillerets B.
Nature. 2011 Oct 19;480(7375):94-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10539.
PMID 22012259
 
Up-regulation of MET expression by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and MITF allows hepatocyte growth factor to protect melanocytes and melanoma cells from apoptosis.
Beuret L, Flori E, Denoyelle C, Bille K, Busca R, Picardo M, Bertolotto C, Ballotti R.
J Biol Chem. 2007 May 11;282(19):14140-7. Epub 2007 Mar 19.
PMID 17371876
 
Genome-wide association study identifies three loci associated with melanoma risk.
Bishop DT, Demenais F, Iles MM, Harland M, Taylor JC, Corda E, Randerson-Moor J, Aitken JF, Avril MF, Azizi E, Bakker B, Bianchi-Scarra G, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Calista D, Cannon-Albright LA, Chin-A-Woeng T, Debniak T, Galore-Haskel G, Ghiorzo P, Gut I, Hansson J, Hocevar M, Hoiom V, Hopper JL, Ingvar C, Kanetsky PA, Kefford RF, Landi MT, Lang J, Lubin'ski J, Mackie R, Malvehy J, Mann GJ, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, van Nieuwpoort FA, Novakovic S, Olsson H, Puig S, Weiss M, van Workum W, Zelenika D, Brown KM, Goldstein AM, Gillanders EM, Boland A, Galan P, Elder DE, Gruis NA, Hayward NK, Lathrop GM, Barrett JH, Bishop JA.
Nat Genet. 2009 Aug;41(8):920-5. doi: 10.1038/ng.411. Epub 2009 Jul 5.
PMID 19578364
 
Mitf regulation of Dia1 controls melanoma proliferation and invasiveness.
Carreira S, Goodall J, Denat L, Rodriguez M, Nuciforo P, Hoek KS, Testori A, Larue L, Goding CR.
Genes Dev. 2006 Dec 15;20(24):3426-39.
PMID 17182868
 
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor regulates RAB27A gene expression and controls melanosome transport.
Chiaverini C, Beuret L, Flori E, Busca R, Abbe P, Bille K, Bahadoran P, Ortonne JP, Bertolotto C, Ballotti R.
J Biol Chem. 2008 May 2;283(18):12635-42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M800130200. Epub 2008 Feb 15.
PMID 18281284
 
SOX2 modulates levels of MITF in normal human melanocytes, and melanoma lines in vitro.
Cimadamore F, Shah M, Amador-Arjona A, Navarro-Peran E, Chen C, Huang CT, Terskikh AV.
Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2012 Jul;25(4):533-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2012.01012.x.
PMID 22571403
 
Frequent mutations in the MITF pathway in melanoma.
Cronin JC, Wunderlich J, Loftus SK, Prickett TD, Wei X, Ridd K, Vemula S, Burrell AS, Agrawal NS, Lin JC, Banister CE, Buckhaults P, Rosenberg SA, Bastian BC, Pavan WJ, Samuels Y.
Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2009 Aug;22(4):435-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2009.00578.x. Epub 2009 Apr 29.
PMID 19422606
 
TFE3 expression in tumors of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF) family.
Dickson BC, Brooks JS, Pasha TL, Zhang PJ.
Int J Surg Pathol. 2011 Feb;19(1):26-30. doi: 10.1177/1066896909352861. Epub 2010 Feb 16.
PMID 20164056
 
MLANA/MART1 and SILV/PMEL17/GP100 are transcriptionally regulated by MITF in melanocytes and melanoma.
Du J, Miller AJ, Widlund HR, Horstmann MA, Ramaswamy S, Fisher DE.
Am J Pathol. 2003 Jul;163(1):333-43.
PMID 12819038
 
Critical role of CDK2 for melanoma growth linked to its melanocyte-specific transcriptional regulation by MITF.
Du J, Widlund HR, Horstmann MA, Ramaswamy S, Ross K, Huber WE, Nishimura EK, Golub TR, Fisher DE.
Cancer Cell. 2004 Dec;6(6):565-76.
PMID 15607961
 
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor is a critical transcriptional regulator of melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis in melanomas.
Dynek JN, Chan SM, Liu J, Zha J, Fairbrother WJ, Vucic D.
Cancer Res. 2008 May 1;68(9):3124-32. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6622.
PMID 18451137
 
Lineage dependency and lineage-survival oncogenes in human cancer.
Garraway LA, Sellers WR.
Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Aug;6(8):593-602. (REVIEW)
PMID 16862190
 
The tumor suppressor HINT1 regulates MITF and beta-catenin transcriptional activity in melanoma cells.
Genovese G, Ghosh P, Li H, Rettino A, Sioletic S, Cittadini A, Sgambato A.
Cell Cycle. 2012 Jun 1;11(11):2206-15. doi: 10.4161/cc.20765. Epub 2012 Jun 1.
PMID 22647378
 
Localization of a novel melanoma susceptibility locus to 1p22.
Gillanders E, Juo SH, Holland EA, Jones M, Nancarrow D, Freas-Lutz D, Sood R, Park N, Faruque M, Markey C, Kefford RF, Palmer J, Bergman W, Bishop DT, Tucker MA, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Hansson J, Stark M, Gruis N, Bishop JN, Goldstein AM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Mann GJ, Hayward N, Trent J; Lund Melanoma Study Group; Melanoma Genetics Consortium.
Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Aug;73(2):301-13. Epub 2003 Jul 3.
PMID 12844286
 
Role for microphthalmia transcription factor in the diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma.
Granter SR, Weilbaecher KN, Quigley C, Fisher DE.
Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2002 Mar;10(1):47-51.
PMID 11893035
 
In vivo switching of human melanoma cells between proliferative and invasive states.
Hoek KS, Eichhoff OM, Schlegel NC, Dobbeling U, Kobert N, Schaerer L, Hemmi S, Dummer R.
Cancer Res. 2008a Feb 1;68(3):650-6. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2491.
PMID 18245463
 
Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy.
Hoek KS, Schlegel NC, Eichhoff OM, Widmer DS, Praetorius C, Einarsson SO, Valgeirsdottir S, Bergsteinsdottir K, Schepsky A, Dummer R, Steingrimsson E.
Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2008b Dec;21(6):665-76. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00505.x.
PMID 19067971
 
Simultaneous suppression of MITF and BRAF V600E enhanced inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation.
Kido K, Sumimoto H, Asada S, Okada SM, Yaguchi T, Kawamura N, Miyagishi M, Saida T, Kawakami Y.
Cancer Sci. 2009 Oct;100(10):1863-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01266.x. Epub 2009 Jun 29.
PMID 19659611
 
Molecular mechanisms of mast cell development.
Kitamura Y, Oboki K, Ito A.
Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2006 Aug;26(3):387-405; v. (REVIEW)
PMID 16931285
 
Pax3 functions at a nodal point in melanocyte stem cell differentiation.
Lang D, Lu MM, Huang L, Engleka KA, Zhang M, Chu EY, Lipner S, Skoultchi A, Millar SE, Epstein JA.
Nature. 2005 Feb 24;433(7028):884-7.
PMID 15729346
 
The function of lysyl-tRNA synthetase and Ap4A as signaling regulators of MITF activity in FcepsilonRI-activated mast cells.
Lee YN, Nechushtan H, Figov N, Razin E.
Immunity. 2004 Feb;20(2):145-51.
PMID 14975237
 
MITF: master regulator of melanocyte development and melanoma oncogene.
Levy C, Khaled M, Fisher DE.
Trends Mol Med. 2006 Sep;12(9):406-14. Epub 2006 Aug 8. (REVIEW)
PMID 16899407
 
Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation.
Lin JY, Fisher DE.
Nature. 2007 Feb 22;445(7130):843-50. (REVIEW)
PMID 17314970
 
MITF links differentiation with cell cycle arrest in melanocytes by transcriptional activation of INK4A.
Loercher AE, Tank EM, Delston RB, Harbour JW.
J Cell Biol. 2005 Jan 3;168(1):35-40. Epub 2004 Dec 28.
PMID 15623583
 
Melanocyte-specific expression of dopachrome tautomerase is dependent on synergistic gene activation by the Sox10 and Mitf transcription factors.
Ludwig A, Rehberg S, Wegner M.
FEBS Lett. 2004 Jan 2;556(1-3):236-44.
PMID 14706856
 
Bcl2 regulation by the melanocyte master regulator Mitf modulates lineage survival and melanoma cell viability.
McGill GG, Horstmann M, Widlund HR, Du J, Motyckova G, Nishimura EK, Lin YL, Ramaswamy S, Avery W, Ding HF, Jordan SA, Jackson IJ, Korsmeyer SJ, Golub TR, Fisher DE.
Cell. 2002 Jun 14;109(6):707-18.
PMID 12086670
 
The expression of Clcn7 and Ostm1 in osteoclasts is coregulated by microphthalmia transcription factor.
Meadows NA, Sharma SM, Faulkner GJ, Ostrowski MC, Hume DA, Cassady AI.
J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 19;282(3):1891-904. Epub 2006 Nov 14.
PMID 17105730
 
Microphthalmia transcription factor in the immunohistochemical diagnosis of metastatic melanoma: comparison with four other melanoma markers.
Miettinen M, Fernandez M, Franssila K, Gatalica Z, Lasota J, Sarlomo-Rikala M.
Am J Surg Pathol. 2001 Feb;25(2):205-11.
PMID 11176069
 
Expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which is critical for melanoma progression, is inhibited by both transcription factor GLI2 and transforming growth factor-beta.
Pierrat MJ, Marsaud V, Mauviel A, Javelaud D.
J Biol Chem. 2012 May 25;287(22):17996-8004. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.358341. Epub 2012 Apr 11.
PMID 22496449
 
Micropthalmia transcription factor: a new prognostic marker in intermediate-thickness cutaneous malignant melanoma.
Salti GI, Manougian T, Farolan M, Shilkaitis A, Majumdar D, Das Gupta TK.
Cancer Res. 2000 Sep 15;60(18):5012-6.
PMID 11016620
 
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) - from Waardenburg syndrome genetics to melanoma therapy.
Samija I, Lukac J, Kusic Z.
Acta Medica Academica 2010;39:175-193
 
Tietz syndrome (hypopigmentation/deafness) caused by mutation of MITF.
Smith SD, Kelley PM, Kenyon JB, Hoover D.
J Med Genet. 2000 Jun;37(6):446-8.
PMID 10851256
 
Evidence to suggest that expression of MITF induces melanocyte differentiation and haploinsufficiency of MITF causes Waardenburg syndrome type 2A.
Tachibana M.
Pigment Cell Res. 1997 Feb-Apr;10(1-2):25-33. (REVIEW)
PMID 9170159
 
Induction of melanocyte-specific microphthalmia-associated transcription factor by Wnt-3a.
Takeda K, Yasumoto K, Takada R, Takada S, Watanabe K, Udono T, Saito H, Takahashi K, Shibahara S.
J Biol Chem. 2000 May 12;275(19):14013-6.
PMID 10747853
 
The mutational spectrum in Waardenburg syndrome.
Tassabehji M, Newton VE, Liu XZ, Brady A, Donnai D, Krajewska-Walasek M, Murday V, Norman A, Obersztyn E, Reardon W, et al.
Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Nov;4(11):2131-7.
PMID 8589691
 
Structural organization of the human microphthalmia-associated transcription factor gene containing four alternative promoters.
Udono T, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Amae S, Watanabe K, Saito H, Fuse N, Tachibana M, Takahashi K, Tamai M, Shibahara S.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Apr 25;1491(1-3):205-19.
PMID 10760582
 
"Transcription physiology" of pigment formation in melanocytes: central role of MITF.
Vachtenheim J, Borovansky J.
Exp Dermatol. 2010 Jul 1;19(7):617-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01053.x. Epub 2010 Feb 25. (REVIEW)
PMID 20201954
 
Tbx2 is overexpressed and plays an important role in maintaining proliferation and suppression of senescence in melanomas.
Vance KW, Carreira S, Brosch G, Goding CR.
Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 15;65(6):2260-8.
PMID 15781639
 
The microphthalmia transcription factor (Mitf) controls expression of the ocular albinism type 1 gene: link between melanin synthesis and melanosome biogenesis.
Vetrini F, Auricchio A, Du J, Angeletti B, Fisher DE, Ballabio A, Marigo V.
Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Aug;24(15):6550-9.
PMID 15254223
 
Intersubunit linker length as a modifier of protein stability: crystal structures and thermostability of mutant TRAP.
Watanabe M, Mishima Y, Yamashita I, Park SY, Tame JR, Heddle JG.
Protein Sci. 2008 Mar;17(3):518-26. doi: 10.1110/ps.073059308.
PMID 18287284
 
Elevated expression of MITF counteracts B-RAF-stimulated melanocyte and melanoma cell proliferation.
Wellbrock C, Marais R.
J Cell Biol. 2005 Aug 29;170(5):703-8.
PMID 16129781
 
Microphthalamia-associated transcription factor: a critical regulator of pigment cell development and survival.
Widlund HR, Fisher DE.
Oncogene. 2003 May 19;22(20):3035-41. (REVIEW)
PMID 12789278
 
Transcriptional activation of the melanocyte-specific genes by the human homolog of the mouse Microphthalmia protein.
Yasumoto K, Mahalingam H, Suzuki H, Yoshizawa M, Yokoyama K.
J Biochem. 1995 Nov;118(5):874-81.
PMID 8749302
 
A novel recurrent mutation in MITF predisposes to familial and sporadic melanoma.
Yokoyama S, Woods SL, Boyle GM, Aoude LG, MacGregor S, Zismann V, Gartside M, Cust AE, Haq R, Harland M, Taylor JC, Duffy DL, Holohan K, Dutton-Regester K, Palmer JM, Bonazzi V, Stark MS, Symmons J, Law MH, Schmidt C, Lanagan C, O'Connor L, Holland EA, Schmid H, Maskiell JA, Jetann J, Ferguson M, Jenkins MA, Kefford RF, Giles GG, Armstrong BK, Aitken JF, Hopper JL, Whiteman DC, Pharoah PD, Easton DF, Dunning AM, Newton-Bishop JA, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Mann GJ, Bishop DT, Tsao H, Trent JM, Fisher DE, Hayward NK, Brown KM.
Nature. 2011 Nov 13;480(7375):99-103. doi: 10.1038/nature10630.
PMID 22080950
 
Mcl-1, Bcl-XL and Stat3 expression are associated with progression of melanoma whereas Bcl-2, AP-2 and MITF levels decrease during progression of melanoma.
Zhuang L, Lee CS, Scolyer RA, McCarthy SW, Zhang XD, Thompson JF, Hersey P.
Mod Pathol. 2007 Apr;20(4):416-26.
PMID 17384650
 

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :
Riddle, ND ; Zhang, P
MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor)
Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2013;17(11):735-739.
Free journal version : [ pdf ]   [ DOI ]
On line version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/MITFID44193ch3p13.html

Other Solid tumors implicated (Data extracted from papers in the Atlas) [ 3 ]
  t(3;3)(p11;p14) CGGBP1/MITF
t(3;8)(p14;q22) MITF/MTERF3
t(3;17)(p14;q25) ACTG1/MITF

Other Cancer prone implicated (Data extracted from papers in the Atlas) [ 2 ]
  Familial melanoma Waardenburg syndrome (WS)

External links

Nomenclature
HGNC (Hugo)MITF   7105
LRG (Locus Reference Genomic)LRG_776
Cards
AtlasMITFID44193ch3p13
Entrez_Gene (NCBI)MITF  4286  melanocyte inducing transcription factor
AliasesCMM8; COMMAD; MI; WS2; 
WS2A; bHLHe32
GeneCards (Weizmann)MITF
Ensembl hg19 (Hinxton)ENSG00000187098 [Gene_View]
Ensembl hg38 (Hinxton)ENSG00000187098 [Gene_View]  ENSG00000187098 [Sequence]  chr3:69936600-69968337 [Contig_View]  MITF [Vega]
ICGC DataPortalENSG00000187098
TCGA cBioPortalMITF
AceView (NCBI)MITF
Genatlas (Paris)MITF
WikiGenes4286
SOURCE (Princeton)MITF
Genetics Home Reference (NIH)MITF
Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath hg38 (UCSC)MITF  -     chr3:69936600-69968337 +  3p13   [Description]    (hg38-Dec_2013)
GoldenPath hg19 (UCSC)MITF  -     3p13   [Description]    (hg19-Feb_2009)
GoldenPathMITF - 3p13 [CytoView hg19]  MITF - 3p13 [CytoView hg38]
ImmunoBaseENSG00000187098
Mapping of homologs : NCBIMITF [Mapview hg19]  MITF [Mapview hg38]
OMIM103470   103500   156845   193510   614456   617306   
Gene and transcription
Genbank (Entrez)AB006909 AB006988 AB006989 AB061771 AK291318
RefSeq transcript (Entrez)NM_000248 NM_001184967 NM_001184968 NM_001354604 NM_001354605 NM_001354606 NM_001354607 NM_001354608 NM_006722 NM_198158 NM_198159 NM_198177 NM_198178
RefSeq genomic (Entrez)
Consensus coding sequences : CCDS (NCBI)MITF
Cluster EST : UnigeneHs.618266 [ NCBI ]
CGAP (NCI)Hs.618266
Alternative Splicing GalleryENSG00000187098
Gene ExpressionMITF [ NCBI-GEO ]   MITF [ EBI - ARRAY_EXPRESS ]   MITF [ SEEK ]   MITF [ MEM ]
Gene Expression Viewer (FireBrowse)MITF [ Firebrowse - Broad ]
SOURCE (Princeton)Expression in : [Datasets]   [Normal Tissue Atlas]  [carcinoma Classsification]  [NCI60]
GenevestigatorExpression in : [tissues]  [cell-lines]  [cancer]  [perturbations]  
BioGPS (Tissue expression)4286
GTEX Portal (Tissue expression)MITF
Human Protein AtlasENSG00000187098-MITF [pathology]   [cell]   [tissue]
Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
UniProt/SwissProtO75030   [function]  [subcellular_location]  [family_and_domains]  [pathology_and_biotech]  [ptm_processing]  [expression]  [interaction]
NextProtO75030  [Sequence]  [Exons]  [Medical]  [Publications]
With graphics : InterProO75030
Splice isoforms : SwissVarO75030
PhosPhoSitePlusO75030
Domaine pattern : Prosite (Expaxy)BHLH (PS50888)   
Domains : Interpro (EBI)bHLH_dom    HLH_DNA-bd_sf    MiT/TFE_C    MiT/TFE_N    MITF   
Domain families : Pfam (Sanger)DUF3371 (PF11851)    HLH (PF00010)    MITF_TFEB_C_3_N (PF15951)   
Domain families : Pfam (NCBI)pfam11851    pfam00010    pfam15951   
Domain families : Smart (EMBL)HLH (SM00353)  
Conserved Domain (NCBI)MITF
DMDM Disease mutations4286
Blocks (Seattle)MITF
PDB (RSDB)4C7N   
PDB Europe4C7N   
PDB (PDBSum)4C7N   
PDB (IMB)4C7N   
Structural Biology KnowledgeBase4C7N   
SCOP (Structural Classification of Proteins)4C7N   
CATH (Classification of proteins structures)4C7N   
SuperfamilyO75030
Human Protein Atlas [tissue]ENSG00000187098-MITF [tissue]
Peptide AtlasO75030
HPRD01138
IPIIPI00023896   IPI00215772   IPI00217203   IPI00217204   IPI00217206   IPI00217209   IPI00217210   IPI00217211   IPI00217212   IPI00293035   IPI00952616   IPI00852788   IPI00944926   IPI01009311   IPI00853423   IPI00985403   
Protein Interaction databases
DIP (DOE-UCLA)O75030
IntAct (EBI)O75030
FunCoupENSG00000187098
BioGRIDMITF
STRING (EMBL)MITF
ZODIACMITF
Ontologies - Pathways
QuickGOO75030
Ontology : AmiGOnegative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II  RNA polymerase II proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding  DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  chromatin binding  protein binding  nucleus  nucleus  nucleoplasm  transcription, DNA-templated  regulation of transcription, DNA-templated  regulation of transcription, DNA-templated  positive regulation of gene expression  positive regulation of gene expression  osteoclast differentiation  melanocyte differentiation  melanocyte differentiation  negative regulation of cell migration  protein-containing complex  regulation of cell proliferation  camera-type eye development  canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process  cell fate commitment  regulation of osteoclast differentiation  positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated  positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated  positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II  positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II  bone remodeling  protein dimerization activity  protein-containing complex assembly  E-box binding  positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription, initiation  regulation of RNA biosynthetic process  
Ontology : EGO-EBInegative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II  RNA polymerase II proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding  DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific  chromatin binding  protein binding  nucleus  nucleus  nucleoplasm  transcription, DNA-templated  regulation of transcription, DNA-templated  regulation of transcription, DNA-templated  positive regulation of gene expression  positive regulation of gene expression  osteoclast differentiation  melanocyte differentiation  melanocyte differentiation  negative regulation of cell migration  protein-containing complex  regulation of cell proliferation  camera-type eye development  canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process  cell fate commitment  regulation of osteoclast differentiation  positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated  positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated  positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II  positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II  bone remodeling  protein dimerization activity  protein-containing complex assembly  E-box binding  positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription, initiation  regulation of RNA biosynthetic process  
Pathways : KEGGOsteoclast differentiation    Melanogenesis    Pathways in cancer    Melanoma   
REACTOMEO75030 [protein]
REACTOME PathwaysR-HSA-3232118 [pathway]   
NDEx NetworkMITF
Atlas of Cancer Signalling NetworkMITF
Wikipedia pathwaysMITF
Orthology - Evolution
OrthoDB4286
GeneTree (enSembl)ENSG00000187098
Phylogenetic Trees/Animal Genes : TreeFamMITF
HOGENOMO75030
Homologs : HomoloGeneMITF
Homology/Alignments : Family Browser (UCSC)MITF
Gene fusions - Rearrangements
Fusion : MitelmanACTG1/MITF [17q25.3/3p13]  [t(3;17)(p14;q25)]  
Fusion : MitelmanCGGBP1/MITF [3p11.1/3p13]  [t(3;3)(p11;p14)]  
Fusion : MitelmanMITF/MTERF3 [3p13/8q22.1]  [t(3;8)(p14;q22)]  
Fusion PortalCGGBP1 3p11.1 MITF 3p13 HNSC
Fusion PortalMITF 3p13 MTERFD1 BRCA
Fusion : FusionGDB20576    22054    22055    22056    22057    22058    22059    22060    6924   
Fusion : Fusion_HubACTG1--MITF    ATAD2B--MITF    ATP11A--MITF    CACNA2D3--MITF    CADM2--MITF    CCAR1--MITF    CGGBP1--MITF    EIF4E3--MITF    FOXP1--MITF    FRMD4B--MITF    LTBP1--MITF    MAGI1--MITF    MITF--ACTG1    MITF--C9ORF3    MITF--CEP57   
MITF--COG3    MITF--EIF4G3    MITF--FOXP1    MITF--HSD17B4    MITF--KLC1    MITF--MBP    MITF--MCF2L2    MITF--MED13    MITF--MTERF3    MITF--MTERFD1    MITF--MYO1B    MITF--NAA35    MITF--PPAP2B    MITF--PPP4R2    MITF--PRICKLE2   
MITF--PTDSS1    MITF--RCL1    MITF--RSBN1L    MITF--THRB    MITF--TMEM167A    MITF--VGLL4    PRCC--MITF    ROBO1--MITF    SGOL2--MITF    ZNF292--MITF   
Fusion : QuiverMITF
Polymorphisms : SNP and Copy number variants
NCBI Variation ViewerMITF [hg38]
dbSNP Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (NCBI)MITF
dbVarMITF
ClinVarMITF
1000_GenomesMITF 
Exome Variant ServerMITF
ExAC (Exome Aggregation Consortium)ENSG00000187098
GNOMAD BrowserENSG00000187098
Varsome BrowserMITF
Genetic variants : HAPMAP4286
Genomic Variants (DGV)MITF [DGVbeta]
DECIPHERMITF [patients]   [syndromes]   [variants]   [genes]  
CONAN: Copy Number AnalysisMITF 
Mutations
ICGC Data PortalMITF 
TCGA Data PortalMITF 
Broad Tumor PortalMITF
OASIS PortalMITF [ Somatic mutations - Copy number]
Somatic Mutations in Cancer : COSMICMITF  [overview]  [genome browser]  [tissue]  [distribution]  
Somatic Mutations in Cancer : COSMIC3DMITF
Mutations and Diseases : HGMDMITF
LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database)Whole genome datasets
LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database)LOVD - Leiden Open Variation Database
LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database)LOVD 3.0 shared installation
LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database)MSeqDR-LSDB Mitochondrial Disease Locus Specific Database
LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database)LOVD - Leiden Open Variation Database
BioMutasearch MITF
DgiDB (Drug Gene Interaction Database)MITF
DoCM (Curated mutations)MITF (select the gene name)
CIViC (Clinical Interpretations of Variants in Cancer)MITF (select a term)
intoGenMITF
NCG5 (London)MITF
Cancer3DMITF(select the gene name)
Impact of mutations[PolyPhen2] [Provean] [Buck Institute : MutDB] [Mutation Assessor] [Mutanalyser]
Diseases
OMIM103470    103500    156845    193510    614456    617306   
Orphanet220    3560    21641    22112    20874    22933    10575   
DisGeNETMITF
MedgenMITF
Genetic Testing Registry MITF
NextProtO75030 [Medical]
TSGene4286
GENETestsMITF
Target ValidationMITF
Huge Navigator MITF [HugePedia]
snp3D : Map Gene to Disease4286
BioCentury BCIQMITF
ClinGenMITF (curated)
Clinical trials, drugs, therapy
Chemical/Protein Interactions : CTD4286
Chemical/Pharm GKB GenePA30823
Clinical trialMITF
Miscellaneous
canSAR (ICR)MITF (select the gene name)
DataMed IndexMITF
Probes
Litterature
PubMed297 Pubmed reference(s) in Entrez
GeneRIFsGene References Into Functions (Entrez)
CoreMineMITF
EVEXMITF
GoPubMedMITF
iHOPMITF
REVIEW articlesautomatic search in PubMed
Last year publicationsautomatic search in PubMed

Search in all EBI   NCBI

© Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
indexed on : Wed Nov 13 21:39:24 CET 2019
Home   Genes   Leukemias   Solid Tumors   Cancer-Prone   Deep Insight   Case Reports   Journals  Portal   Teaching   

For comments and suggestions or contributions, please contact us

jlhuret@AtlasGeneticsOncology.org.