MME (membrane metallo-endopeptidase)

2007-05-01   Emina E Torlakovic 

Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo Montebello, Oslo 0310 Norway

Identity

HGNC
LOCATION
3q25.2
LOCUSID
ALIAS
CALLA,CD10,CMT2T,NEP,SCA43,SFE
FUSION GENES

DNA/RNA

Note

Gene:on chromosome 3 at location: 156284651-156384186 ; length: 99536 ; type: protein coding

Description

MME gene spans a region of 99536 bases and has 24 exons. Exons 1 and 2 encode 5 untranslated sequences. Initiation codon and transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain are encoded by exon 3, which has 170 bp. 20 short exons (exons 4-23) range in size from 36 to 162 bp. They encode large part of the extracellular portion of the enzyme. Exon 24 which has about 3400 bp encodes the COOH-terminal 32 amino acids and contains the entire 3 untranslated region (UTR). Exon 19 encodes the pentapeptide sequence associated with metalloproteinase zinc binding and substrate catalysis (His-Glu-Ile-Thr-His).
The sequence is nearly identical to rat and rabbit NEP.
Transcriptional regulation : MME is constitutively expressed in some tissues (kidney, adipose tissue, brain) and at some developmental stages in other (T- and B-lymphocytes, neutrophils). Its gene transcription is regulated by at least two alternative regulation regions including type 1 and type 2 promoter. Both regulatory regions are characterized by the presence of multiple transcription initiation sites and the absence of classic TATA boxes and consensus initiator elements. The purine-rich type 1 regulatory region, which includes 5 UTR exon 1 sequence, is characterized by multiple putative PU. l-binding sites and consensus ets-binding motifs. In marked contrast, the GC-rich type 2 regulatory region contains multiple putative Sp-l-binding sites, a potential consensus retinoblastoma control element (RCE); and an inverted CCAAT box. Type 2 promoter has a wide tissue distribution, a low constitutive level of expression, and multiple transcription initiation sites. However, normal and malignant lymphoid progenitors (fetal thymocytes and pre-B ALL) as well as fetal kidney and glioblastoma cell line A172 showed significantly higher levels of type 1 transcripts.

Transcription

The 5 untranslated region of this gene is alternatively spliced, resulting in four separate mRNA transcripts. The coding region is not affected by alternative splicing. The transcript variants 1, 1bis, and 2a contain an alternate 5 UTR exon, compared to variant 2b. The 2b variant is the longest transcript and includes alternate exon 2b. Variants 2b, 2a, 1bis and 1 all encode the same protein.
Transcript variant 1 mRNA has 5643 bp. Transcript variant 1bis mRNA has 5619 bp. Transcript variant 2a mRNA has 5665 bp. Transcript variant 2b mRNA has 5710 bp.
In normal human tissues, the highest mRNA levels were found in kidney, prostate, liver, and lung. Other tissues with high levels include whole blood, bone marrow, thymus, skeletal muscle, brain, ovary, testis, and placenta. Levels in lymph nodes and other secondary lymphoid tissues are dependent on the content of CD10+ B-cells in secondary germinal centers.

Proteins

Note

MME belongs to peptidase family M13, which belongs to a peptidase superfamily known as the metzincins. These are zinc-dependent metallopeptidases. Family M13 also includes endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (ECE-1), Kell blood group glycoprotein, and peptidase O from Lactococcus lactis (gene pepO).

Description

MME protein contains 750 amino acids, and is a type-II membrane anchored enzyme known to inactivate oligopeptides. It has a single 24-amino acid hydrophobic segment that could function as both a transmembrane region and a signal peptide. The COOH-terminal 700 amino acids compose the extracellular protein segment, whereas the 25 NH2-terminal amino acids remaining after cleavage of the initiation methionine form the cytoplasmic tail.

Function

Thermolysin-like specificity, but is almost confined on acting on polypeptides of up to 30 amino acids. Biologically important in the destruction of opioid peptides by cleavage of a Gly-Phe bond. Involved in the degradation of atrial natriuretic factor.
Preferential cleavage of polypeptides between hydrophobic residues, particularly with Phe or Tyr at P1. Inhibited in a dose dependent manner by opiorphin. Inhibited by phosphoramidon and thiorphan.

Mutations

Note

Truncating mutations in the MME gene in mothers are the cause of alloimmunisation during pregnancy (1342 C to T nonsense mutation and 446delC). The absence of the MMP protein in pregnant women induces an alloimmunisation against MMP presented by fetus. Maternal antibodies attack fetal podocytes ensuing nephron loss, which could lead to chronic renal failure in early adulthood. This is the first model of idiopathic renal failure in early adulthood, which appears to be caused by immune-mediated fetal nephron loss.

Implicated in

Entity name
Alzheimer disease and normal aging
Note
Decreased MME expression in cerebral cortex correlates with amyloid-beta deposition but not with degeneration and dementia.
Entity name
Enkephalin metabolism in anxiety
Note
A dinucleotide polymorphism in the 5 region of the MME gene was linked to type of anxiety.
Entity name
T-cell apoptosis
Note
Both, CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells express MME upon induction of apoptosis in vitro as well as in apoptotic T-cells in vivo.
Entity name
Low amplitude of the P300 evoked potential waves (linked to substance abuse)
Note
Based on the association of MME gene polymorphisms with P300 wave amplitudes of the parietal and coronal leads, it is suggested that MME plays a significant role in the regulation of the amplitude of the P300 wave.
It is presumed that lower molecular weight alleles of the MME polymorphism are associated with increased levels of NEP and thus lower CNS enkephalin levels.
Entity name
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
Note
In recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullose, MME activities were considerably increased in the skin and blister fluid samples compared with values found in normal control skin and in blister fluid from a patient with a burn.
Entity name
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Note
MME is expressed in majority acute lymphoblastic leukemias, in which MME was originally described as common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen (CALLA). The role of MME in acute leukemia is not clear.
Entity name
Note
Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia was originally misclassified with acute lymphoblastic leukemia due to its expression of CD10 and blastic cytologic appearance. However, now it is correctly classified as mature B-cell neoplasm and expression of MME (referred as to CD10 in this context) is secondary to its germinal center stage of development. In normal B-cell development MME transitory reappears on B-cells in germinal centers.
Entity name
Follicular lymphoma and other malignant lymphomas
Note
Follicular lymphomas originate from mature B-cells with germinal center stage of differentiation. Majority of follicular lymphomas typically express MME (referred to in this context as CD10) and its expression positively correlates with survival and negatively with the grade of follicular lymphoma.
Other B-cell malignant lymphomas that typically express MME (CD10) are some diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) which are than subtyped as so-called germinal center type (GC-type DLBCL). Of T-cell lymphomas, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma typically shows expression of CD10.
Entity name
Carcinoma
Note
MME is expressed in some carcinomas that originate in organs, which normally express high levels of MME, which is best illustrated in renal cell carcinoma. MME detection is important for identification of bile canaliculi, which appear by neogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. This feature is diagnostically useful in hepatocellular carcinoma. It is also expressed in many other carcinomas including prostate carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, and others in which expression of higher levels of MME were associated with more aggressive tumors.
Entity name
Melanoma
Note
Higher expression levels were associated with more aggressive disease.
Entity name
Stromal cells
Note
Various benign stromal cells express MME. In particular, adipose tissue, endometrial stroma, and dendritic stromal cells in the bone marrow are know to express significant levels of MME. The role of MME in these tissue is not know. However, it possibly contributes to functional changes of the endometrial stromal in the secretory phase when its levels are highest in this tissue. It is also known that dendritic MME+ stromal cells of the bone marrow provide maturational niche for development of B-cells. Other MME+ benign stromal cells are induced by invasion of malignant tumors like melanoma, breast carcinoma, and others. In malignant stromal lesions MME has been found expressed in rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma and other sarcomas.
Entity name
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Note
Circulating MME levels were lower in JIA patients than in controls, while synovial fluid values were higher than those found in circulation, which might reflect a reactive effort to control synovial proliferation. RA patients have higher levels of MME in plasma and synovial fluid than patients with osteoarthritis.
Entity name
Acne
Note
Sebaceous glands in acne patients express high levels of MME. In addition, in vitro experiments using an organ culture system demonstrated that substance P induced expression MME in sebaceous glands in a dose dependent manner.
Entity name
Idiopathic diffuse hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendorine cells (IDHPNC)
Note
MME expression in patients with IDHPNC was compared with MME expression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and normal lung by using immunohistochemistry, ELISA, activity assay, and Western blot analysis. MME expression was highest in IDHPNC. Increased MME expression in lung tissue from patients with IDHPNC may reflect a compensatory increase that partly counteracts abundant neuropeptides, including BLP, present in this disorder.
Entity name
Pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion myocardial injury
Note
MME expression was increased in the neutrophils from patients with early phase of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by 5.2- and by 4.2-fold of the neutrophils from patients with late phase of AMI, respectively. ANP and BNP, which increase in AMI, modulate the neutrophil functions and exert protective effects against the neutrophils-induced endothelial cytotoxity at the physiological concentrations. But the effects are suppressed due to their degradation by the neutrophil own MME. Thus, neutrophil MME, which also increases in AMI, may play a role in the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion myocardial injury.

Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
169485172006CD10 expression in cutaneous adnexal neoplasms and a potential role for differentiating cutaneous metastatic renal cell carcinoma.Bahrami S et al
152056822004CD10 protein expression in tumor and stromal cells of malignant melanoma is associated with tumor progression.Bilalovic N et al
116884652001Canalicular immunostaining of neprilysin (CD10) as a diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinomas.Borscheri N et al
107058182000Paraffin-section detection of CD10 in 505 nonhematopoietic neoplasms. Frequent expression in renal cell carcinoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma.Chu P et al
98177131998High expression of neutral endopeptidase in idiopathic diffuse hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells.Cohen AJ et al
109946482000Association of the neutral endopeptidase (MME) gene with anxiety.Comings DE et al
105561911999Expression of CD10 by human T cells that undergo apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.Cutrona G et al
25287301989Organization of the gene encoding common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (neutral endopeptidase 24.11): multiple miniexons and separate 5' untranslated regions.D'Adamio L et al
173355642007Differential expression of CD10 in prostate cancer and its clinical implication.Dall'Era MA et al
154641862004Role of truncating mutations in MME gene in fetomaternal alloimmunisation and antenatal glomerulopathies.Debiec H et al
167849782006CD10 expression in pancreatic endocrine tumors: correlation with prognostic factors and survival.Deschamps L et al
84450361993Cellular localization of membrane metalloendopeptidase (enkephalinase) in human endometrium during the ovarian cycle.Head JR et al
91668561997The type 2 CD10/neutral endopeptidase 24.11 promoter: functional characterization and tissue-specific regulation by CBF/NF-Y isoforms.Ishimaru F et al
159011282005Overexpression of CD10 and reduced MUC2 expression correlate with the development and progression of colorectal neoplasms.Iwase T et al
155006492004CD10 is a diagnostic and prognostic marker in renal malignancies.Langner C et al
29717561988Common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen is identical to neutral endopeptidase.Letarte M et al
171432632007Stromal CD10 expression in invasive breast carcinoma correlates with poor prognosis, estrogen receptor negativity, and high grade.Makretsov NA et al
86363981996Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 in neutrophils modulates protective effects of natriuretic peptides against neutrophils-induced endothelial cytotoxity.Matsumura T et al
83907121993Neutral endopeptidase (3.4.24.11) in plasma and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A marker of disease activity or a regulator of pain and inflammation?Matucci-Cerinic M et al
150439952004Anti-amyloid activity of neprilysin in plaque-bearing mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.Mohajeri MH et al
161915052005CD10 immunohistochemical staining in urothelial neoplasms.Murali R et al
3893101979Leukemia-associated antigens in ALL.Pesando JM et al
162262602005Neprylisin decreases uniformly in Alzheimer's disease and in normal aging.Russo R et al
145109632003The type 1 CD10/neutral endopeptidase 24.11 promoter: functional characterization of the 5'-untranslated region.Sezaki N et al
29686071988Molecular cloning of the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) identifies a type II integral membrane protein.Shipp MA et al
149973402005Neprilysin levels in plasma and synovial fluid of juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients.Simonini G et al
63053831983Increased neutral protease and collagenase activity in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.Takamori K et al
156824302005CD10+ stromal cells form B-lymphocyte maturation niches in the human bone marrow.Torlakovic E et al
121026632002Sebaceous glands in acne patients express high levels of neutral endopeptidase.Toyoda M et al

Other Information

Locus ID:

NCBI: 4311
MIM: 120520
HGNC: 7154
Ensembl: ENSG00000196549

Variants:

dbSNP: 4311
ClinVar: 4311
TCGA: ENSG00000196549
COSMIC: MME

RNA/Proteins

Gene IDTranscript IDUniprot
ENSG00000196549ENST00000360490P08473
ENSG00000196549ENST00000382989Q3KQS6
ENSG00000196549ENST00000460393P08473
ENSG00000196549ENST00000462745P08473
ENSG00000196549ENST00000462837C9J9X7
ENSG00000196549ENST00000473730C9JDZ3
ENSG00000196549ENST00000481828C9JR96
ENSG00000196549ENST00000491026C9IYX7
ENSG00000196549ENST00000492661P08473
ENSG00000196549ENST00000493237P08473
ENSG00000196549ENST00000497890C9J7X4
ENSG00000196549ENST00000615825P08473
ENSG00000196549ENST00000616757A0A087WWM7
ENSG00000196549ENST00000625667Q3KQS6

Expression (GTEx)

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700

Pathways

PathwaySourceExternal ID
Renin-angiotensin systemKEGGko04614
Hematopoietic cell lineageKEGGko04640
Alzheimer's diseaseKEGGko05010
Renin-angiotensin systemKEGGhsa04614
Hematopoietic cell lineageKEGGhsa04640
Alzheimer's diseaseKEGGhsa05010
Protein digestion and absorptionKEGGko04974
Protein digestion and absorptionKEGGhsa04974
Metabolism of proteinsREACTOMER-HSA-392499
Peptide hormone metabolismREACTOMER-HSA-2980736
Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to AngiotensinsREACTOMER-HSA-2022377
Immune SystemREACTOMER-HSA-168256
Innate Immune SystemREACTOMER-HSA-168249
Neutrophil degranulationREACTOMER-HSA-6798695

Protein levels (Protein atlas)

Not detected
Low
Medium
High

PharmGKB

Entity IDNameTypeEvidenceAssociationPKPDPMIDs
PA164712308Ace Inhibitors, PlainChemicalClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD21052031
PA443803CoughDiseaseClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD21052031
PA444552HypertensionDiseaseClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD21052031

References

Pubmed IDYearTitleCitations
152836752004Evaluation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), its homologue ACE2 and neprilysin in angiotensin peptide metabolism.159
126576552003Neprilysin gene transfer reduces human amyloid pathology in transgenic mice.119
147494442004Presynaptic localization of neprilysin contributes to efficient clearance of amyloid-beta peptide in mouse brain.67
206856032010CD10+ pancreatic stellate cells enhance the progression of pancreatic cancer.61
182922862008Clinical, biologic, and pathologic features in 157 patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma treated within the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA) trials.54
175919692007Loss of neprilysin function promotes amyloid plaque formation and causes cerebral amyloid angiopathy.53
206630172010Expression and functional profiling of neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and endothelin-converting enzyme in prospectively studied elderly and Alzheimer's brain.50
154641862004Role of truncating mutations in MME gene in fetomaternal alloimmunisation and antenatal glomerulopathies.48
190575762009Neprilysin gene expression requires binding of the amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain to its promoter: implications for Alzheimer disease.46
214254022011Concise review: neutral endopeptidase (CD10): a multifaceted environment actor in stem cells, physiological mechanisms, and cancer.46

Citation

Emina E Torlakovic

MME (membrane metallo-endopeptidase)

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2007-05-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/41386/mme