MMP19 (matrix metallopeptidase 19)

	Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants for this gene (provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013). With reference to UniProtKB database, variant 1 represents the longest transcript and encodes isoform 1 (508 aa, 57 kDa, also known as RASI-1). Variant 2 encoded protein isoform 2 (222 aa, 25 kDa, also known as RASI-9). Variant 3 encoded protein isoform 3 (63 aa, 6 kDa, also known as RASI-6). Isoform 1 has been described as the canonical sequence and all the information described here, unless stated, refers to isoform 1.
Description	MMP-19 can be found at chromosome 12q13.2 at location 56229214-56236767. The DNA sequence contains nine exons and eight introns, spanning 7,55 kb.
Transcription	The MMP-19 promoter contains a TATA-box at position -29 and AP-1 binding site at position -73. Potential binding sites for other transcription factors such as NFκB, AP-2, and SP-1 also exist (Mueller et al., 2000).

	MMP-19 shares a typical MMP structural domain, containing the signal peptide, propeptide, catalytic domain, hinge region, and four hemopexin repeats (Pendás et al., 1997).
Description	MMP-19 is a secreted protein. It contains a signal peptide for targeting to secretory vesicles. Like most secreted MMPs, MMP-19 is translated and secreted as catalytic inactive proproteins (zymogens), which needed to be activated by proteolytic cleavage of the propeptide region by other extracellular matrix (EMC) proteinases (Ra and Parks, 2007). MMP-19 is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase. The catalytic domain contains the active site for zinc ion binding and functions in catalytic activity such as substrate degradation. The hemopexin domain is responsible for substrate recognition (Ra and Parks, 2007). The catalytic activities of MMPs were reported to be regulated by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMP-19 is reported to be strongly inhibited by TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4, and less efficiently by TIMP-1 (Clark et al., 2008).
Expression	MMP-19 was found to be expressed in a wide range of normal tissue types, such as nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, lung, breast, skin, intestine, pancreas, spleen, and ovary. MMP-19 was down-regulated or lost during neoplastic progression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), mammary gland tumor, skin neoplasm, intestine, and colon cancers (Pendás et al., 1997; Djonov et al., 2001; Impola et al., 2003; Bister et al., 2004; Chan et al., 2011).
Localisation	MMP-19 is located in the cytoplasm and secreted into the extracellular matrix.
Function	MMP-19 is a member of the MMP family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases. The catalytic domain responsible for degradation of various components of the ECM include collagen type IV, nidogen-1, fibronectin, tenascin-C isoform, aggrecan, and laminin-5-gamma-2-chain (Stracke et al., 2000; Shiomi et al., 2010). MMP-19 is involved in many physiological activities such as cell proliferation, migration, and anti-angiogenesis.

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