MTA3 (metastasis associated 1 family, member 3 )

2014-06-01   Ansgar Brüning , Ioannis Mylonas 

Identity

HGNC
LOCATION
2p21
LOCUSID
ALIAS
-
FUSION GENES

Abstract

MTA3 functions as a transcriptional repressor through interacting with histone deacetylases and nucleosome remodelling complexes such as Mi-2\/NuRD. Since MTA3 inhibits expression of SNAIL, a transcriptional repressor of the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, downregulation of MTA3 was found to be associated with reduced E-cadherin levels and advanced cancer stages. Recent data also revealed upregulation of MTA3 in non-small lung cancer cells and highly aggressive subtypes of endometrial cancer, additionally indicating cancer-promoting effects of MTA3.

DNA/RNA

Atlas Image
Genomic organization of the human MTA3 gene. The intron/exon structure of MTA3 with start (ATG) and stop (TAA) codons indicated. All 14 exons are depicted; the intron sequences shortened for better graphical visualization.

Description

The human MTA3 gene was identified through sequence homologies to other members of the MTA gene family (human MTA1, human MTA2, murine MTA3). The human MTA3 gene is composed of 14 exons. The MTA3 promoter sequence contains SP1, AP1, and oestrogen receptor binding sites (ER half sites).

Transcription

Two open reading frames of 1785 bp (isoform 1; 594 aa; MTA3L) and 1548 bp (isoform 2; 515 aa; MTA3S, MTA3) were identified and predicted to be transcribed. The smaller isoform (MTA3S = MTA3) appears to be the most abundantly expressed isoform at the RNA and protein level.

Pseudogene

PGO.9606.51655; PGO.9606.72237.

Proteins

Atlas Image
Domain structure of the MTA3 protein. BAH (bromo-adjacent homology) domain: putative protein-protein interaction domain, involved in gene silencing; ELM (Egl-27 and MTA1 homology) domain: unknown function; SANT (SWI3, ADA2, N-CoR and TFIIIB B) domain: putative DNA binding domain; ZnF (GATA-type zinc finger) domain: direct DNA binding domain.

Description

MTA3 functions as a transcriptional repressor by interacting with histone deacetylases and nucleosome remodelling complexes such as Mi-2/NuRD.

Expression

MTA3 expression has been found in normal human breast, ovarian, lung, and endometrial epithelial cells, in malignant breast, ovarian, lung, and endometrial cancer cells and cancer cell lines, in trophoblast cells and chorionic cancer cell lines, in germinal centre B cells, and in B cell-derived lymphomas. A tissue distribution analysis of MTA3 expression in mice revealed a widespread distribution of MTA3 in the developing embryo and in adult tissues (heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver and kidney).

Localisation

MTA3 exhibits primarily a nuclear localisation, although additional cytoplasmic localisation has been described.
Atlas Image
The MTA3 regulation network. A. Breast ductal epithelia cells; epithelial cancer cells. B. Germinal center B lymphocytes; B cell-derived lymphomas.
The regulation of MTA3 expression and its target genes by transcriptional activators (green) and transcriptional repressors (red) is shown. ER: oestrogen receptor.

Function

In epithelial cells, MTA3 maintains the expression of E-cadherin through the suppression of the E-cadherin inhibitor SNAIL. Expression of MTA3 is regulated by oestrogens via direct binding of the oestrogen receptor to the MTA3 promoter and is thus involved in the generation and maintenance of oestrogen-dependent epithelia such as the breast ductal epithelium.
Mammary gland development
Animal experiments revealed involvement of MTA3 expression in mammary gland morphogenesis mediated by the suppression of the Wnt4 signalling pathway and upregulation of epithelial cell adhesion proteins such as E-cadherin.
Normal mammary gland development, as confirmed and studied by several knock out and knock in mouse models, relies on the concerted and correct integration of divers signalling pathways, including the Wnt signalling pathway. Secretion of Wnt factors and their binding by mammary epithelial cells is necessary for correct gland development and its deregulation has been described to be involved in tumorigenesis. MTA3 has been shown to inhibit Wnt4 expression by its transcriptional repression function, causing reduced Wnt4 secretion and subsequent lower beta-catenin levels. Therefore, based on the observations made with transgenic mouse models, expression of MTA3 in mammary epithelial cells has been associated with the inhibition of ductal branching in virgin and pregnant murine mammary glands.
Epithelial cancer
Reduced MTA3 expression in epithelial breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer is associated with cancer progression by promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It is principally believed that reduced expression of MTA3 allows higher expression levels of SNAIL and SLUG, two repressors of metastasis-associated cell adhesion proteins such as E-cadherin and occludin. Conversely, MTA3 expression was found to be elevated in non-small lung cancer and in uterine non-endometrioid cancer, in which a growth-promoting effect of MTA3 overexpression was suggested.
Haemangiogenesis and lymphomagenesis
A high expression level of MTA3 was found in germinal centre B lymphocytes, suggesting an involvement in B cell maturation by direct interaction with BCL6. BCL6 (B-cell lymphoma-6) is a transcriptional repressor that is co-expressed with MTA3 in the germinal centre, where normal B cells proliferate and undergo maturation. BCL6 functions as a transcriptional repressor and suppresses, in cooperation with MTA3, the expression of PRDM1 (Pr domain-containing protein 1), a master regulator of plasma cell differentiation. Overexpression of BCL6 is often observed in lymphomas, especially in large B-cell lymphomas. Thus, the cooperative action of BCL6 together with MTA3 is believed to block differentiation of large B-cell lymphomas, facilitating lymphomagenesis.
Placenta development
A conspicuously high expression level of MTA3 in trophoblast cells and trophoblast tumour cells has suggested involvement of MTA3 in placenta development and homeostasis. MTA3 expression was found to be elevated in preeclampsia patients and to negatively interfere with hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) expression.

Homology

MTA3 exhibits a high homology to human MTA1, MTA2, and murine MTA3.

Implicated in

Entity name
Endometrial cancer
Note
MTA3 expression is significantly reduced in endometrioid adenocarcinomas of poor differentiation, although not associated with patients survival. By contrast, in uterine non-endometrioid carcinomas, a highly aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer, MTA3 expression demonstrated a significant association with FIGO surgical stage, lymph node involvement, and lymphovascular space invasion. In uterine non-endometroid cancer, MTA3 was also revealed to be a significant independent prognostic parameter, associated with patients progression-free survival, cause-specific survival, and overall survival.
Entity name
Ovarian cancer
Note
MTA3 expression is reduced in ovarian cancer with poor differentiation, although not at significant levels.
Entity name
Breast cancer
Note
Although extensively studied on breast cancer cells and tissues, revealing a close correlation of MTA3 expression with oestrogen receptor expression, no studies have yet shown a direct association of MTA3 expression with clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer.
Entity name
Lung cancer
Note
MTA3 was found to be upregulated in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) tissues and its overexpression correlated with lymph node status and poor patients prognosis.
Entity name
Gastric cancer, oesophagal cancer
Note
In gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinomas, MTA3 expression was found to be reduced in cancer tissues and reduced MTA3 expression correlated with worse overall patients survival.
Entity name
Ovary (non-malignant)
Note
Murine ovarian granulosa cells of all follicular stages were shown to express high levels of MTA3. Expression of MTA3 in granulosa cells was also shown to promote cell cycle progression by controlling entry into the M phase.
Entity name
Placenta
Note
A high expression level of MTA3 was observed in placental trophoblast cells and chorionic carcinoma cells. In patients with preeclamptic gestational disease, MTA3 expression was found to be downregulated and shown to be involved in human chorionic gonadotropin expression by directly repressing the hCG promoter, leading to dysregulated hCG expression as observed in preeclampsia.

Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
208656672010The metastasis-associated gene MTA3 is downregulated in advanced endometrioid adenocarcinomas.Brüning A et al
193636812009The metastasis-associated genes MTA1 and MTA3 are abundantly expressed in human placenta and chorionic carcinoma cells.Brüning A et al
235109932013MTA3 regulates CGB5 and Snail genes in trophoblast.Chen Y et al
236716462013The metastasis-associated gene MTA3, a component of the Mi-2/NuRD transcriptional repression complex, predicts prognosis of gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.Dong H et al
154540822004MTA3 and the Mi-2/NuRD complex regulate cell fate during B lymphocyte differentiation.Fujita N et al
153588362004Hormonal regulation of metastasis-associated protein 3 transcription in breast cancer cells.Fujita N et al
175736692007The BCL6-associated transcriptional co-repressor, MTA3, is selectively expressed by germinal centre B cells and lymphomas of putative germinal centre derivation.Jaye DL et al
220754762012Metastasis-associated protein 3 (MTA3) regulates G2/M progression in proliferating mouse granulosa cells.Kwintkiewicz J et al
238405172013Overexpression of MTA3 Correlates with Tumor Progression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Li H et al
198646432009Mta3-NuRD complex is a master regulator for initiation of primitive hematopoiesis in vertebrate embryos.Li X et al
228661462011Genistein inhibits placental choriocarcinoma cell line JAR invasion through ERβ/MTA3/Snail/E-cadherin pathway.Liu X et al
151697842004Upstream determinants of estrogen receptor-alpha regulation of metastatic tumor antigen 3 pathway.Mishra SK et al
222357512012The metastasis-associated gene MTA3 is an independent prognostic parameter in uterine non-endometrioid carcinomas.Mylonas I et al
170506762006Metastatic tumor antigen 3 is a direct corepressor of the Wnt4 pathway.Zhang H et al
165337712006Metastasis tumor antigen family proteins during breast cancer progression and metastasis in a reliable mouse model for human breast cancer.Zhang H et al
241075482013Analysis of MAT3 gene expression in NSCLC.Zheng S et al

Other Information

Locus ID:

NCBI: 57504
MIM: 609050
HGNC: 23784
Ensembl: ENSG00000057935

Variants:

dbSNP: 57504
ClinVar: 57504
TCGA: ENSG00000057935
COSMIC: MTA3

RNA/Proteins

Gene IDTranscript IDUniprot
ENSG00000057935ENST00000405094Q9BTC8
ENSG00000057935ENST00000405592D6W5A2
ENSG00000057935ENST00000406652D6W5A2
ENSG00000057935ENST00000406911E7EQY4
ENSG00000057935ENST00000407270Q9BTC8
ENSG00000057935ENST00000409019E7EV10
ENSG00000057935ENST00000430763E9PF88
ENSG00000057935ENST00000433553C9JR73
ENSG00000057935ENST00000454356E9PCS8

Expression (GTEx)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30

Pathways

PathwaySourceExternal ID
Gene ExpressionREACTOMER-HSA-74160
RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III, and Mitochondrial TranscriptionREACTOMER-HSA-504046
RNA Polymerase I TranscriptionREACTOMER-HSA-73864
RNA Polymerase I Promoter ClearanceREACTOMER-HSA-73854
RNA Polymerase I Transcription InitiationREACTOMER-HSA-73762
Epigenetic regulation of gene expressionREACTOMER-HSA-212165
Chromatin organizationREACTOMER-HSA-4839726
Chromatin modifying enzymesREACTOMER-HSA-3247509
HDACs deacetylate histonesREACTOMER-HSA-3214815
Positive epigenetic regulation of rRNA expressionREACTOMER-HSA-5250913
ERCC6 (CSB) and EHMT2 (G9a) positively regulate rRNA expressionREACTOMER-HSA-427389

Protein levels (Protein atlas)

Not detected
Low
Medium
High

References

Pubmed IDYearTitleCitations
127058692003MTA3, a Mi-2/NuRD complex subunit, regulates an invasive growth pathway in breast cancer.175
154540822004MTA3 and the Mi-2/NuRD complex regulate cell fate during B lymphocyte differentiation.134
129201322003The metastasis-associated proteins 1 and 2 form distinct protein complexes with histone deacetylase activity.51
170506762006Metastatic tumor antigen 3 is a direct corepressor of the Wnt4 pathway.28
153588362004Hormonal regulation of metastasis-associated protein 3 transcription in breast cancer cells.22
242933762014MiR-495 regulates proliferation and migration in NSCLC by targeting MTA3.22
151697842004Upstream determinants of estrogen receptor-alpha regulation of metastatic tumor antigen 3 pathway.20
193636812009The metastasis-associated genes MTA1 and MTA3 are abundantly expressed in human placenta and chorionic carcinoma cells.16
236716462013The metastasis-associated gene MTA3, a component of the Mi-2/NuRD transcriptional repression complex, predicts prognosis of gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.16
165020422006Breast cancer risk associated with genotypic polymorphism of the genes involved in the estrogen-receptor-signaling pathway: a multigenic study on cancer susceptibility.14

Citation

Ansgar Brüning ; Ioannis Mylonas

MTA3 (metastasis associated 1 family, member 3 )

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2014-06-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/41445/mta3

Historical Card

2010-11-01 MTA3 (metastasis associated 1 family, member 3 ) by  Ansgar Brüning,Ioannis Mylonas 

University Hospital Munich, Department of Obstetrics\\\/Gynaecology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munchen, Germany