| Written | 2008-12 | Francesco Di Fabio, Bruce Gottlieb, Lenore K Beitel, Mark Trifiro |
| Cattedra di Chirurgia Generale, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (FDF); Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research-Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (BG, LKB, MT) |
| Identity |
| Alias_names | MLR |
| nuclear receptor subfamily 3 | |
| Alias_symbol (synonym) | MR |
| Other alias | MCR |
| MGC133092 | |
| HGNC (Hugo) | NR3C2 |
| LocusID (NCBI) | 4306 |
| Atlas_Id | 44262 |
| Location | 4q31.23 [Link to chromosome band 4q31] |
| Location_base_pair | Starts at 148078764 and ends at 148442520 bp from pter ( according to hg19-Feb_2009) [Mapping NR3C2.png] |
| Local_order | Genes flanking NR3C2 are Rho GTPase activating protein 10 and argininosuccinate synthetase pseudogene 8. |
| Fusion genes (updated 2016) | ARHGAP10 (4q31.23) / NR3C2 (4q31.23) | NR3C2 (4q31.23) / NR3C2 (4q31.23) |
| DNA/RNA |
 | |
| Schematic representation of human mineralocorticoid receptor (MR/NR3C2) structure. The human MR/NR3C2 gene is composed of 10 exons. The first 2 exons (1alpha and 1beta) are untranslated. However, alternative transcription of these exons can give rise to 2 RNA isoforms. The subsequent eight exons encode for the entire MR protein. MR/NR3C2 has three major functional domains: a modulating N-terminal domain (NTD), a central DNA-binding domain (DBD) and a C-terminal steroid ligand-binding domain (LBD). Exon 2 encodes for most of the NTD, exons 3 and 4 encode for each of the two zinc fingers of the DBD and the remaining five exons encode the LBD. AUG: start codon; UGA: stop codon. | |
| Description | 10 exons; 363,729 bases DNA. |
| Transcription | Multiple (at least four) mRNA isoforms are generated by alternative transcription or slicing events. Multiple mRNA isoforms are translated into various protein variants. |
| Protein |
| Description | 984 amino acids. Like all member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, the MR has 3 major domains: an N-terminal domain (NTD), a DNA-binding domain (DBD) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). The NTD (602 amino acids) is composed of several functional domains (AF-1a, a central domain and AF-1b) that recruit various coregulators responsible for selectively modulating the transcriptional activity of MR. The DBD (66 amino acids) recognizes specific target DNA sequences or hormone response elements. The LBD (251 amino acids) is a multifunctional domain allowing selective hormone binding. The LBD includes the ligand-dependent AF-2 functional domain, which undergoes a rearrangement upon ligand binding. |
| Expression | Ubiquitous. MR expression has been reported in the kidney, colon, breast, salivary glands, sweat glands, liver, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, lung, central nervous system (hippocampus, hypothalamus), ocular tissues (retina, iris-ciliary body), adipose tissues (white and brown), inner ear, skin, placenta, uterus, ovaries and testis. |
| Localisation | Cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum membrane, peripheral membrane: cytoplasmic and nuclear in the absence of ligand; nuclear after ligand-binding. When bound to 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11 beta-HSD2), it is found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. |
| Function | Transcription factor activity, receptor activity, protein binding, sequence-specific DNA binding, steroid binding, steroid hormone receptor activity, metal ion binding, zinc ion binding. |
| Homology | Member of the nuclear hormone receptor family, NR3 subfamily. |
| Mutations |
| Note | Loss-of-function mutations. About 50 distinct mutations in the human MR are known to be responsible for pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1). This is an autosomal genetic disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations. The mutations reported are missense, nonsense, frameshift, splice site mutations and deletions. PHA1 is characterized by salt wasting due to loss-of-function of the MR in the target organs. There are 2 forms of PHA1: the autosomal dominant form, which may be severe at birth, but symptoms remit with age, and the recessive form, which manifests with more severe symptoms persisting into adulthood. Gain-of-function mutations. Only one mutation, to date, is known to result in a gain-of-function of MR. The single mutation S810L in the LBD leads to a constant MR activation. The inheritance is autosomal dominant. The disease is characterized by the onset of severe hypertension before the age of 20, with severe exacerbation in pregnancy. |
| Implicated in |
| Note | |
| Entity | Leukaemia |
| Note | Some of the leukaemic cell lines express both the MR and the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel. |
| Oncogenesis | Some leukemic cell lines respond to mineralocorticoid steroids by an altered growth response that may possibly be linked to apoptosis. The altered sodium flux due to the induction of the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel by mineralocorticoids may cause uncontrolled cell proliferation in cancer. |
| Entity | Colorectal carcinoma |
| Note | Reduction of MR mRNA expression is an early event in human sporadic carcinoma progression. |
| Oncogenesis | A significant inverse association between MR and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) expression at the mRNA level has been detected in human colorectal carcinoma, suggesting a potential tumor-suppressive function for MR. The degree of MR underexpression may have a role in the pro-angiogenic switch of colorectal carcinoma. |
| Entity | Cervical carcinoma |
| Note | In a study of gene expression profiles in squamous cell cervical carcinoma, NR3C2 was observed to be significantly downregulated, which would suggest that it should be considered as a new putative cervical cancer-related gene. |
| Entity | Renal cell neoplasms |
| Note | Using immunohistochemistry, expression of both MR and its related enzyme 11 beta-HSD2 was detected in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and in oncocytomas. No staining was detected in clear cell renal cell carcinomas. MR and 11 beta-HSD2 may be considered specific immunohistochemical markers of the distal nephron and its related neoplasms (chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma). |
| Entity | Lung carcinoma |
| Note | It has been reported that MR and 11 beta-HSD2 seem to be expressed only in adenocarcinomas or in the adenocarcinomatous component of adenosquamous carcinomas. No MR or 11 beta-HSD2 expression was detected in squamous cell carcinomas. MR and 11 beta-HSD2 immunoreactivity have been significantly correlated with the grade of differentiation of adenocarcinomas. Patterns of MR and 11 beta-HSD2 expression as detected with immunohistochemistry may reflect the cellular origin and differentiation status of primary human lung carcinoma, and may serve as a marker of differentiation. |
| Entity | Breast carcinoma |
| Note | Expression of MR, as detected with immunohistochemistry, appears to be related to ductal differentiation of breast carcinomas. |
| To be noted |
| Several studies investigating the role of aldosterone and MR in cardiovascular risk and target organ damage may offer important hints to understand the potential involvement of MR in cancer development. Under particular investigation are the relationship between MR/aldosterone and cellular growth factor receptors expression (such as EGFR or VEGFR). |
| Bibliography |
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| Arriza JL, Weinberger C, Cerelli G, Glaser TM, Handelin BL, Housman DE, Evans RM. |
| Science. 1987 Jul 17;237(4812):268-75. |
| PMID 3037703 |
| Aldosterone signaling modifies capillary formation by human bone marrow endothelial cells. |
| Chen W, Valamanesh F, Mirshahi T, Soria J, Tang R, Agarwal MK, Mirshahi M. |
| Vascul Pharmacol. 2004 Jan;40(6):269-77. |
| PMID 15063830 |
| Gene expression profiles in squamous cell cervical carcinoma using array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis. |
| Choi YW, Bae SM, Kim YW, Lee HN, Kim YW, Park TC, Ro DY, Shin JC, Shin SJ, Seo JS, Ahn WS. |
| Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007 May-Jun;17(3):687-96. |
| PMID 17504382 |
| Underexpression of mineralocorticoid receptor in colorectal carcinomas and association with VEGFR-2 overexpression. |
| Di Fabio F, Alvarado C, Majdan A, Gologan A, Voda L, Mitmaker E, Beitel LK, Gordon PH, Trifiro M. |
| J Gastrointest Surg. 2007 Nov;11(11):1521-8. Epub 2007 Aug 17. |
| PMID 17703341 |
| Aldosterone, mineralocorticoid receptors, and vascular inflammation. |
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| Nongenotropic aldosterone effects and the EGFR: interaction and biological relevance. |
| Grossmann C, Gekle M. |
| Steroids. 2008 Oct;73(9-10):973-8. Epub 2007 Dec 23. (REVIEW) |
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| Aldosterone stimulates epidermal growth factor receptor expression. |
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| Hypertension. 2006 Sep;48(3):490-6. Epub 2006 Jul 17. |
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| Demonstration of the mineralocorticoid hormone receptor and action in human leukemic cell lines. |
| Mirshahi M, Mirshahi S, Golestaneh N, Mishal Z, Nicolas C, Hecquet C, Agarwal MK. |
| Leukemia. 2000 Jun;14(6):1097-104. |
| PMID 10865975 |
| Is the vascular endothelium under the control of aldosterone? Facts and hypothesis. |
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| Pflugers Arch. 2007 May;454(2):187-93. Epub 2007 Feb 7. (REVIEW) |
| PMID 17285301 |
| Dissecting mineralocorticoid receptor structure and function. |
| Rogerson FM, Brennan FE, Fuller PJ. |
| J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 Jun;85(2-5):389-96. (REVIEW) |
| PMID 12943727 |
| Localization of mineralocorticoid receptor and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II in human breast and its disorders. |
| Sasano H, Frost AR, Saitoh R, Matsunaga G, Nagura H, Krozowski ZS, Silverberg SG. |
| Anticancer Res. 1997 May-Jun;17(3C):2001-7. |
| PMID 9216657 |
| Expression of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and mineralocorticoid receptor in primary lung carcinomas. |
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| Anticancer Res. 2000 Jan-Feb;20(1A):323-8. |
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| Viengchareun S, Le Menuet D, Martinerie L, Munier M, Pascual-Le Tallec L, Lombes M. |
| Nucl Recept Signal. 2007 Nov 30;5:e012. (REVIEW) |
| PMID 18174920 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II expression in renal cell neoplasms: a tissue microarray and quantitative RT-PCR study. |
| Yakirevich E, Morris DJ, Tavares R, Meitner PA, Lechpammer M, Noble L, de Rodriguez AF, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Wang LJ, Sabo E, Delellis RA, Resnick MB. |
| Am J Surg Pathol. 2008 Jun;32(6):874-83. |
| PMID 18408592 |
| Human mineralocorticoid receptor genomic structure and identification of expressed isoforms. |
| Zennaro MC, Keightley MC, Kotelevtsev Y, Conway GS, Soubrier F, Fuller PJ. |
| J Biol Chem. 1995 Sep 8;270(36):21016-20. |
| PMID 7673127 |
| Citation |
| This paper should be referenced as such : |
| Di, Fabio F ; Gottlieb, B ; Beitel, LK ; Trifiro, M |
| NR3C2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2) |
| Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2009;13(11):858-860. |
| Free journal version : [ pdf ] [ DOI ] |
| On line version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/NR3C2ID44262ch4q31.html |
| External links |
| REVIEW articles | automatic search in PubMed |
| Last year publications | automatic search in PubMed |
| © Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology | indexed on : Wed Jun 7 12:09:53 CEST 2017 |
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