RPL10A (ribosomal protein L10a)

Alias (NCBI)	NEDD6
	CSA19
	L10A
HGNC (Hugo)	RPL10A
HGNC Alias symb	Csa-19
	L10A
HGNC Previous name	NEDD6
LocusID (NCBI)	4736
Atlas_Id	46376
Location	6p21.31  [Link to chromosome band 6p21]
Location_base_pair	Starts at 35468401 and ends at 35470780 bp from pter ( according to GRCh38/hg38-Dec_2013)  [Mapping RPL10A.png]
Local_order	From telomere to centromere : MKRN6P, FANCE, RPL10A, MIR7111, LOC110121220, TEAD3, TULP1
	Local order of RPL10A together with neighboring upstream and downstream genes on chromosome 6. Arrows indicate the direction of transcription and arrow length indicates approximate gene sizes.

Note	RPL10A gene consists of 6 exons and 5 introns. The gene maps to 6p21.31 and is 2,38 kb long (NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_000006.12 (35468401..35470781). Highlighted in red is the protein coding sequence from exons 1-6 (Figure 2).
	RPL10A gene has 6 exons and 5 introns. Numbers indicate the exons. Red exons show protein coding regions while blue indicates untranslated regions of exons.
Description	RPL10A gene is 2,38 kb long and is on the positive strand.
Transcription	Full length isoform is 718 bp long (NM_007104). 4 exons totally contribute, 1st and 6th exons partially contribute to the open reading frame (ORF). RPL10A has an other predicted transcript of 974 bp (XM_017010900.1).
Pseudogene	There are 13 pseudogenes of RPL10A. RPL10AP1, RPL10AP2, RPL10AP3, RPL10AP4, RPL10AP5, RPL10AP6, RPL10AP7, RPL10AP8, RPL10AP9, RPL10AP10, RPL10AP11, RPL10AP12, RPL10AP13

Note	RPL10A gene encodes a 217 amino acid protein. The protein is a member of the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family and has a molecular weight of 24,831 Da.
	RPL10A has one functional domain. Numbers above the bars indicate amino acids.
Description	RPL10A has one domain called the Ribosomal_L1 superfamily domain. There are 13 conserved mRNA/rRNA interface residues on this domain (NCBI Conserved Domains).
Expression	RPL10A protein is expressed in all tissues but highest expression is in female organs, digestive tract, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, kidney, muscle, skin and lymphoid tissues (The Human Protein Atlas, 2020).
Function	Ribosomal Protein L10A is required for joining the 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits into the functional 80S ribosome (Turtoi, Brown, Oskamp, & Schneeweiss, 2008). RPL10A protein is common and detected across all eukaryotic groups. The number and sequence of amino acids are highly conserved among animals, fungi, plants, and protists (Campo, Casano, & Barreno, 2013). RPL10A is found on the exit tunnel of 80S ribosomes and preferentially provides the translation of specific subsets of mRNAs by binding to Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRES) on the mRNAs. These specific mRNAs belong to several functional groups, including extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and glycosphingolipid metabolic processes RPL10A enhances expression of genes promoting growth Insulin Like Growth Factor2 ( IGF2), Pleiotrophin ( PTN), Early Growth Response 1 ( EGR1), and cancer metastasis genes such as PKN3 (Protein Kinase N3) (Shi, et al., 2017). RPL10A expression is detected in somatic, gonadal, and primordial germ cells. Rpl10a has an unclear extra-ribosomal function related to ovary development during post-migratory proliferation of primordial germ cells in Oncorhynchusmykis (rainbow trout) and Fenneropenaeus merguiensis (banana shrimp) (Makkapan, Yoshizaki, Tashiro, & Chotigeat, 2014 ; Wonglapsuwan, Miyazaki, Loongyai, & Chotigeat, 2009). Rpl10A is an important factor in the development of zebrafish. Rpl10a knockout (KO) zebrafish embryos showed morphological abnormalities, including short body lengths, bent tails, smaller yolk extensions, reduction in pigmentation and smaller eyes. Rpl10a deficient zebrafish died by 3-7 days after fertilization (Palasin, et al., 2019). RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt) and Forkhead box protein O (FOXO) proteins are highly phosphosphorylated in RPL10A over-expressed fruit fly mutants. As a result, insulin receptor ( INSR) which affects cell proliferation is overexpressed in these mutants (Chaichanit, Wonglapsuwan, & Chotigeat, 2018). Arabidopsis thaliana Rpl10A is involved in defense response to geminivirus and begomovirus infections. NSP-Interacting Kinase 1 (NIK1) oligomerization phosphorylates Rpl10A, providing its translocation into the nucleus (Carvalho, et al., 2008). Use of RPL10A in Translational Ribosomal Affinity Purification Assays RPL10A protein is a critical protein in ribosome related pull down assays. eGFP or HA tagged phusion protein of RPL10A is used in the "Ribosome Profiling" and "Translational Ribosomal Affinity Purification (TRAP)" assays followed by RNA-seq, microarray, and RT-qPCR experiments. Rpl10a pulldown of ribosome associated RNAs has been reported in plant systems such as A. thaliana, Zea Mays, and Oryza sative to study impact of stress conditions, development and metabolism (Sablok, Powell, & Kazan, 2017). Cell adhesion molecule L1CAM knockdown in BrM3 brain metastatic derivative of the H2030 KRAS-mutant human lung adenocarcinoma cell line1(H2030 BrM) was used to investigate L1CAM-related signaling pathway elements. RPL10A pull down with TRAP method indicated the translation profile of downstream genes of L1CAM-related pathways that have a role in proliferation, motility, and adhesion to reveal the role of L1CAM in metastasis (Er et al., 2018). RPL10A pull down in TRAP assay is also used in studies of nervous system tissues. mRNA translation of striatonigral and striatopallidal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) upon pharmacological perturbation of dopaminergic signaling was investigated in adult mice that were treated acutely or chronically with cocaine or saline. TRAP method revealed changes in translation profiles of thousands of genes of striatonigral and striatopallidal MSNs in treated mice. Translational profiling with TRAP methodology enables studies of the molecular biology of specific cell types, cell lines, and in even the most heterogeneous cell populated tissues such as central nervous system (Heiman et al., 2008).
Homology	Human Ribosomal Protein L10A has homologs in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), Rhesus macaque (Macaca mullatta), wolf (Canis lupus), Taurine cattle (Bos taurus), mouse (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus), chicken (Gallus gallus), zebrafish (Danio rerio), frog (Xenopus tropicalis), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), mosquitoes (Anapheles gambiae), nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), kluyveromyces yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis), mold (Eremothecium gossypii), fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea), red bread mold (Neurospora crassa), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). RPL10A gene orthologs have been reported for more than 300 organisms.

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