TGFBR2 (Transforming Growth Factor, Beta Receptor II (70/80kDa))

2014-02-01   Vadakke Peringode Sivadas , S Kannan 

Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapurm - 695011, Kerala, India

Identity

HGNC
LOCATION
3p24.1
LOCUSID
ALIAS
AAT3,FAA3,LDS1B,LDS2,LDS2B,MFS2,RIIC,TAAD2,TBR-ii,TBRII,TGFR-2,TGFbeta-RII
FUSION GENES

DNA/RNA

Description

Length of TGFBR2 gene is 87641 bases. TGFBR2 gene encodes 8 exons. Orientation: plus strand.

Transcription

The TGFBR2 gene encodes two well-known protein coding transcripts:
- TGFBR2-001(Ensembl version ENST00000295754.5): Encoded by 7 exons; mRNA length: 4621 bps; Translation length: 567 amino acid residues;
- TGFBR2-002(Ensembl version ENST00000359013.4): Encoded by 8 exons; mRNA length: 4605 bps; Translation length: 592 amino acid residues.

Proteins

Atlas Image
Structure and the mechanism of TGFBR2 activation: The TGFBR2 consists of an N-terminal extra-cellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic, C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain. On TGFβ ligand mediated activation, TGFBR2 forms hetero tetramers with TGFBR1 and triggers TGFBR1 kinase activity by phosphorylating the GS domain. The activated TGFBR1 kinase can phosphorylate downstream SMAD transcription factors and there by mediate the expression of TGFβ-responsive genes.

Description

The TGFBR2 gene encodes two proteins through alternative splicing (592 aa and 567 aa long respectively); both can convey TGFβ signals. TGFBR2 is a transmembrane Serine/Threonine kinase. It has a molecular weight of 70/80kD. TGFBR2 consist of an N-terminal extra-cellular ligand binding ectodomain, a transmembrane region, and a C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain. The ectodomain is formed by nine beta-strands and a single helix stabilised by a network of six intra strand disulphide bonds (Hart et al., 2002).

Expression

This protein is ubiquitously expressed in all cell types. Loss of TGFBR2 expression is linked with many pathological conditions involving cancer. The level of expression may vary depending up on cell-type.

Localisation

Primarily, it is a transmembrane protein, involved in extra-cellular TGFβ ligand binding. However, ligand binding can trigger internalization of both ligand and receptors. Receptors internalized in endosomes can either be targeted to lysosomes for degradation or be recycled back to the cell surface for re-use (Chen et al., 2009).

Function

TGFBR2 is an important member of the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway. The TGFβ signaling controls important cellular activities like cytostasis, apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, etc. in a context dependent manner (Massague et al., 2005; Feng and Derynck, 2005). These pleiotropic cytokines are encoded by 42 open reading frames in human. They are divided into two subfamilies, the TGFβ/Activin/Nodal subfamily and the BMP(bone morphogenetic protein)/GDF(growth and differentiation factor)/MIS(Muellerian inhibiting substance) subfamily, as defined by sequence similarity and the specific signaling pathways that they activate (Shi and Massague, 2003). These cytokines are known to convey cellular signals through the serine/threonine kinase family receptors - 7 type I and 5 type II receptors - that are dedicated to TGFβ signaling (Manning et al., 2002). TGFBR2 is the most important and well-characterized type II receptor of TGFβ family.
The TGFβ-SMAD signaling cascade gets activated when TGFβ ligand binds to the TGFBR2 (Massague, 1998; Shi and Massague, 2003). The TGFβ ligand is secreted as latent complex in which the TGFβ dimer is bound to the latency-associated peptide (LAP) (Young and Murphy-Ullrich, 2004). Many latent TGFβ binding proteins (LTBPs) can bind to and sequester this latent complex to extra cellular matrix (ECM) (Derynck et al., 2001). The latent TGFβ is activated by plasmins and MMP2 and MMP9 through proteolytic processing that leads to removal of LAP. The active form of TGF-β is a 25 KDa disulphide linked homodimer. (Derynck et al., 2001; Padua and Massague, 2009). TGFBR2 is a constitutively active kinase that occurs as homodimer (Hart et al., 2002; Shi and Massague, 2003). On ligand binding mediated activation, TGFBR2 forms heteromeric complex with type I TGFβ receptor (TGFBR1) (Luo and Lodish, 1997). TGFBR2 kinase mediated phosphorylation of Glycine/Serine-rich GS domain of TGFBR1 leads to activation of type I receptor kinase. Activated TGFBR1 then phosphorylates downstream SMAD transcription factors.
The pathway restricted SMADs-SMAD2 and SMAD3- are involved in signaling through TGFBR2/TGFBR1 receptor complexes. They are commonly called receptor regulated SMADs or R-SMADs. They bind directly to TGFBR1 and are phosphorylated at a C-terminal SSXS motif, that is exclusive and conserved for R-SMADs (Feng and Derynck, 2005; Schmierer and Hill, 2007). SMAD4 lacks a C-terminal SSXS motif and does not interact directly with TGFBR1. SMAD4 is commonly referred to as co-SMAD and serves as a common partner for all R-SMADs (Shi and Massague, 2003).
The binding of the R-SMAD to the type I receptor is mediated by adaptor proteins like SARA (SMAD anchor for receptor activation), a zinc double finger FYVE domain containing protein. They restrict SMAD2/3 proteins to the plasma membrane and early endosomes and thus facilitate the interaction of SMAD2/3 proteins with activated TGFBR1 (Panopoulou et al., 2002; Chen, 2009). The phosphorylated R-SMADs can form heteromeric complex with the common mediator SMAD (Co-SMAD, SMAD4) and this enables the nuclear translocation of the complex (Wrighton et al., 2009). In the nucleus, the SMAD transcription factors orchestrate the expression of various target genes; depending on the DNA binding partners they associate (Massague, 2008). The DNA binding partners are responsible for the context dependency exhibited by TGFβ signaling (Inman, 2005). Many protein phosphatases are responsible for switching off TGFβ signaling through R-SMAD dephosphorylation and dictate the strength and duration of TGFβ signaling (Wrighton et al., 2009). The inhibitory SMADs (SMAD 6 and SMAD 7) are responsible for feedback repression of this signaling pathway (Xu, 2006). SMAD7 acts through competition for receptor mediated phosphorylation, and through the recruitment of SMAD ubiquitination regulatory Factors1 or 2 (Smurf1/Smurf2) to R- SMADs (Lönn et al., 2009).
In addition to the canonical signaling through the SMADs, TGFBR2 can activate many non-SMAD pathways like PI3K-Akt, JNK, p38MAPK, ROCK, PKC, PP2A, Ras, Erk1/Erk2 and Rho-like GTPases including RhoA, Rac and Cdc42 (Zhang, 2009). These non-SMAD signaling pathways add greatly towards the context-dependent nature of TGFβ signaling.
Many studies consider TGFβ alterations as a key reason for tumorigenesis (Derynck et al., 2001; Seoane, 2006). These alterations arise at genetic as well as at epigenetic level. While mutations are responsible for major share of genomic level TGFβ aberrations, the microRNA alterations contribute towards a fair share of the epigenetic alterations (Sivadas and Kannan, 2013). Besides, loss of integration of TGFβ signaling with other important pathways such as p53 signaling is an important reason for tumorigenesis (Massague, 2008).

Homology

The TGFBR2 gene is conserved in human, chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken and zebra fish. Notably, TGFBR2 of human beings and chimpanzee shows 100% and 99.6% identity, at protein and DNA level respectively. Furthermore, 72 organisms have orthologs with human gene TGFBR2.

Mutations

Note

Somatic mutations of TGFBR2 is a common event in various cancers (Seoane, 2006), Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Marfan syndrome, etc. (Loeys et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2006; Stheneur et al., 2008). Deletion of the chromosomal region 3p, that carries TGFBR2 is reported in many solid tumors (Kok et al., 1997).

Implicated in

Entity name
Lung cancer
Disease
Lung cancer is the leading cancer in terms of incidence and death world-wide. The most important subtype of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for ~ 87%, of all lung cancers.
Prognosis
The five year survival rate (~15%) is very poor for lung cancer. In the case of advanced lung cancers, the 5-year survival rate is as low as 2%. Moreover, no effective screening strategy is available.
Cytogenetics
Cytogenetic abnormalities to chromosomes 3p, 5q, 13q, and 17p are particularly common in small-cell lung carcinoma (Salgia and Skarin, 1998).
Oncogenesis
TGFBR2 is regarded as an important tumor suppressor that is altered in lung cancers. Microdeletions in the TGFBR2 gene are reported in non-small cell lung carcinoma (Wang et al., 2007). Further, studies showed decreased expression of TGFBR2, which is associated with the histopathological grading of NSCLCs (Xu et al., 2007). Furthermore, reduced TGFBR2 expression in human NSCLC was found to be associated with smoking, reduced differentiation, increased tumor stage, increased nodal metastasis, and most importantly, reduced survival (Malkoski et al., 2012). These results suggest that loss of this tumor suppressor is an important event in lung tumorigenesis.
Entity name
Breast cancer
Disease
Breast cancer is the second leading cancer in terms of incidence and is at fifth position with regards to cancer-associated mortality. The important sub-types of breast cancer are ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and invasive or infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC).
Prognosis
There is a good five year survival rate (>80%) for breast cancer. This scenario is primarily due to world-wide awareness programmes and improvement of early screening strategies.
Cytogenetics
The most consistent chromosomal regions that show gain are on 1q, 20q and 8q, while the most common regions of loss are on 3p and 6q. These chromosomal changes were more frequently found in high grade ductal breast carcinomas with overexpression of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein (Malamou-Mitsi et al., 1999). Notably, gain of 3q is reported to be a stronger predictor of recurrence than grade, mitotic activity index (MAI) and other features in invasive breast cancers (Janssen et al., 2003).
Oncogenesis
The TGFβ signaling shows a dual role in breast cancers. Even though it is tumor suppressor initially, this signaling cascade can trigger lung metastasis of advanced breast cancers by inducing angiopoietin-like 4 (Padua et al., 2008). However, mutations in the kinase domain of TGFBR2 are reported in recurrent breast cancers. Since no mutations were observed in the primary tumors, TGFBR2 mutations might have a role in breast cancer recurrence (Lucke et al., 2001). Furthermore, TGFBR2 positivity is an independent prognostic factor for good disease-free survival and overall survival in human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-negative patients (Paiva et al., 2010).
Entity name
Colorectal cancers
Disease
Colon and rectal cancers account for around 9.4% of all cancer cases. These cancers are at third position in terms of incidence and are at fourth position with regards to cancer-associated mortality.
Prognosis
There is a good five year survival rate (>80%) for stage 1 & 2 cases. However, the 5-year survival rate is only about 10% in stage IV colorectal cancers.
Cytogenetics
Colorectal cancers show frequent gains at 7p, 7q, 8q, 16p, 20p and 20q, while losses are often at 18q. Interestingly, metastatic tumors show frequent gains at 8q and 20q and loss at 18q, suggesting these chromosomal aberrations are linked to the progression of colorectal cancer (Aragane et al., 2001). DNA copy number loss at 18q12.2, involving BRUNOL4 that encodes a splicing factor, is an independent prognostic indicator for colon cancers (Poulogiannis et al., 2010).
Oncogenesis
Mutations in at least one member of the TGFβ signaling are demonstrated in ~50% colorectal cancers, there by confirming the tumor suppressor activity of this pathway in these cancers (Seoane, 2006). Mutational inactivation of TGFBR2 in microsatellite unstable colon cancer is a frequent event. Further, in vivo experiments also confirmed the role of TGFBR2 inactivation in the establishment and progression of colorectal cancers (Biswas et al., 2004; Biswas et al., 2008).
Entity name
Stomach cancers
Disease
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide, with ~988000 cases per year and second among mortality with ~737000 deaths per year.
Prognosis
The 5-year survival rate of gastric cancer is poor. Even in developed countries like USA, the five-year survival is only 24%. This is due to the lack of early screening strategies.
Cytogenetics
The recurrent chromosomal abnormalities includes gains at 17q, 20q, 1p, 22q, 17p, 16p, 6p, 20p, 7p, 3q and 13q4 while losses at 18q, 3p, 5q and 9p are common (Wu et al., 2002). In gastric cancers gain of 1q32.3 has a correlation with lymph node status while loss of 18q22.1 was associated with poor survival (Weiss et al., 2004).
Oncogenesis
Frameshift mutations in the 10bp poly(A) repeat of TGFBR2 coding regions is frequent in gastric cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI). In contrast, gastric adenomas without MSI seldom exhibit TGFBR2 mutations. This suggest that TGFBR2 is the main target of genomic instability during the development of MSI(+) gastric cancers (Song et al., 2010).
Entity name
Prostate cancers
Disease
With ~0.9 million incident cases all over the world, prostate cancers are fifth common cancer in the world. Globally it is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men, but it ranks second in the United States.
Prognosis
The survival rates of prostate cancer vary among region to region; overall the 5-year survival rate is >90%.
Cytogenetics
The most common aberrations are losses in chromosomes 5q, 6q, 8p, 10q, 13q, 16q, 17p, and 18q and gains in 7p/q, 8q, 9p, and Xq. Moreoverr, a chromosomal rearrangement in 21q is observed in over 50% of prostate cancers (Saramaki and Visakorpi, 2007). Further, recurrent breakpoints at 5q11, 8p11, and 10q22 were observed in prostate cancer cell lines, suggesting the importance of tumor suppressor/oncogenes in these regions (Pan et al., 2001).
Oncogenesis
The in vivo experiments have demonstrated that the conditional loss of TGFBR2 in prostatic stromal cells can trigger prostate cancer initiation, progression, and invasion (Bhowmick et al., 2004). Silencing of TGFBR2 through CpG methylation at site -140 is a common event in prostate cancers (Zhao et al., 2005). However, TGFβ signaling has been shown to induce vicious cycles of prostate cancer bone metastases by inducing parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) via Gli2 (Kingsley et al., 2007).
Entity name
Liver cancers
Disease
Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death after lung and stomach cancers. It causes ~754000 deaths per year. The most common sub-type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which accounts for approximately 75% of all primary liver cancers.
Prognosis
The 5-year survival rate of liver cancer is just above 50%. This scenario is mainly due to the delay in diagnosis. Because of this delay, less than 40% of individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma are eligible for surgery and transplant.
Cytogenetics
Studies suggest deletions are frequent at chromosomal arms 1p, 4q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 11q, 12q and 13q, whereas gains are common at 1q, 6p, 8q, 11q and 17q in samples positive for Hepatitis B and C virus (Tornillo et al., 2000).
Oncogenesis
In hepatic cancers, TGFBR2 downregulation is reported to be correlated with larger tumor size, poor differentiation, portal vein invasion, intrahepatic metastasis and shorter recurrence-free survival (Mamiya et al., 2010). Further, in vivo experiments revealed that TGFBR2 loss along with TGF-alpha over expression can cooperate in hepatocarcinogenesis (Baek et al., 2010).
Entity name
Oral cancers
Disease
With an estimated 263000 cases, cancers of the oral cavity account for 2% of the cancer burden worldwide. But they are the second most common cancer in males and the fourth most common cancer in females in Melanesia and South-Central Asia, accounting for 7% of the total cancers diagnosed in this region. The most common type of oral cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for more than 90% of the cancers of the oral cavity.
Prognosis
The overall 5-year disease-specific survival rate for patients is approximately 50% throughout the world and is unchanged over past two decades.
Cytogenetics
Recurrent loss of chromosomes 9, 13, 18 and Y are reported in oral cancers whereas the most frequent chromosomal imbalances involves deletions at chromosome arms 3p, 7q, 8p, 11q, 17p. The chromosomal breakpoints in structural rearrangements frequently involve the centromeric regions of chromosomes 1, 3, 8, 14 and 15 as well as bands 1p22, 11q13 and 19p13 (Jin and Mertens, 1993).
Oncogenesis
TGFBR2 mutations are frequent in oral cancers, kinase domain mutations being common. The loss of TGFBR2 expression in the tumor is associated with significantly reduced overall survival among oral cancer patients (Sivadas et al., 2013). Further, metastatic oral cancers show significantly lower TGFBR2 expression as compared to primary tumour, indicating its anti-metastatic activity in oral cancers (Paterson et al., 2001).
Entity name
Pancreatic cancer
Disease
Even though pancreatic cancer is at 13th position, contributing only 2% of cancer incidence, it is at 8tth position in terms of mortality and causes 4% of cancer associated deaths. The most common form is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Prognosis
Pancreatic cancer shows an extremely poor prognosis. The 5-year relative survival rate is only 6%.
Cytogenetics
The chromosomal region 18q21 that bears SMAD4 gene is homozygously deleted in 30% to 37% pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Other important alterations involve genomic gains of 3q, 8q, 11q, 17q, and frequent loss of chromosome 17p, 6q, and 8p (Hahn et al., 1996; Griffin et al., 2007).
Oncogenesis
Even though mutations in TGFBR2 occur at lower rate, the downstream molecule SMAD4 mutation rates are as high as 50% in pancreatic cancers (Venkatasubbarao et al., 1998; Cowgill and Muscarella, 2003). This signifies the importance of TGFβ-signaling in preventing pancreatic tumorigenesis.
Entity name
Cervical cancers
Disease
The high-risk Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31 and 45 are the cause of ~90% of the cervical cancer globally. These cancers are at 7th and 8th position in terms of global cancer incidence and deaths respectively.
Prognosis
There is a better 5-year survival rate for cervical cancers. The 5-year survival rate for the early stages of cervical cancer is ~92% while the overall 5-year survival rate is about 72%.
Cytogenetics
Studies have reported abnormalities of chromosome 1 in up to 95% of cervical cancer samples. The main alterations included are the deletions of chromosome 1 at bands q32, p34, q42, p32, and p22. Further, abnormality of chromosome 4 occurs in 92% cases (Sreekantaiah et al., 1988, Sherwood et al., 2000).
Oncogenesis
Though TGFBR2 mutations happen at lower rate in cervical cancers (Chen et al., 1999), in vivo experiments provided evidence that estrogen and HPV E7 proteins cooperate to silence TGFBR2 expression during the induction and progression of cervical neoplasms (Diaz-Chavez et al., 2008).
Entity name
Leukemias
Disease
The haematological neoplasms can be broadly classified into four sub-types: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
Prognosis
Prognosis varies from subtype to subtype.
Cytogenetics
The well-known chromosomal aberration in CML is a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 designated as t(9;22)(q34;q11). This translocation generates the oncogenic Bcr-Abl fusion protein. Other important translocations involves t(4;11); t(11;14); and t(1;3).
Oncogenesis
Mutations in TGFBR2 associated with microsatellite instability was observed in 20% of cell lines derived from hematologic malignancies. Though alterations of the microsatellite regions in the TGFBR2 are not common in CML, but TGFBR2 downregulation was evident in CML cells as compared with the hematopoietic cells of normal donors. Furthermore, decreased TGFBR2 expression was also observed in the other haematological neoplasms (Rooke et al., 1999; Kim and Letterio, 2003).
Entity name
Ovarian cancers
Disease
Majority of ovarian cancers arise in the epithelial surface of the ovary. They comprise ~2% of global cancer incidence and cancer-associated deaths.
Prognosis
Because more than 60% of ovarian cancers are diagnosed at a later stage, ovarian cancer has a relatively poor 5-year survival rate of ~47%.
Cytogenetics
The deletion of chromosome 3p region carrying TGFBR2 is a frequent event in ovarian cancers (Lounis et al., 1998). Further, abnormalities of chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 11 were found in metastatic effusions of ovarian cancer (Ioakim-Liossi et al., 1999). The breakpoints in regions 1p3 and 11p1 are important early events in ovarian cancers. Particularly, the ovarian cancers with breakpoints at 1p1, 3p1 and 11p1 present poor prognosis (Simon et al., 2000).
Oncogenesis
Kinase domain mutations of TGFBR2 in up to 25% of ovarian cancers are reported. Added, loss of TGFBR2 expression was found in >40% of samples (Lynch et al., 2004). Epigenetic silencing of TGFBR2 through promoter methylation could be the reason for the loss of TGFBR2 expression, which is a common event in ovarian cancers (Matsumura et al., 2011).
Entity name
Renal carcinomas
Disease
Kidney cancers are generally originated in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, causing for 80% of cases.
Prognosis
Even though the five year survival rate among stage I patients is around 90%, while the 5-year survival rate is less than 10% for patients presenting with stage IV disease.
Cytogenetics
The deletion of the chromosome 3p region is the hallmark of nonpapillary/clear cell RCC (Siebert et al. 1998).
Oncogenesis
The downregulation of TGFBR3 and TGFBR2 are the important events during renal carcinogenesis and acquisition of metastatic phenotype respectively (Copland et al., 2003). The reason for the loss of TGFBR2 expression could be due to promoter hypermethylation (Zhang et al., 2005).
Entity name
Glioblastoma multiforme
Disease
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in humans, involving glial cells and account for more than 50% of all brain tumor cases.
Prognosis
The survival rates are very poor, most of the patients die within a period of 1-2 years.
Cytogenetics
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 10q involving PTEN is the most common genetic alteration shown by both primary as well as secondary glioblastomas (Ohgaki et al., 2004).
Oncogenesis
p53 mutations are the most common event in glioblastomas. More than 30% of the primary and 65% of the secondary glioblastomas show p53 mutations (Ohgaki et al., 2004). Mutations in the 10 bp poly(A) tract of TGFBR2 are very common (71%) in gliomas with genomic instability. However, TGFBR2 mutation rates are less (3%) in microsatellite stable gliomas (Izumoto et al., 1997).

Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
117454552001Chromosomal aberrations in colorectal cancers and liver metastases analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization.Aragane H et al
200204902010TGF-beta inactivation and TGF-alpha overexpression cooperate in an in vivo mouse model to induce hepatocellular carcinoma that recapitulates molecular features of human liver cancer.Baek JY et al
155490952004Stromal fibroblasts in cancer initiation and progression.Bhowmick NA et al
152564312004Transforming growth factor beta receptor type II inactivation promotes the establishment and progression of colon cancer.Biswas S et al
179853592008Mutational inactivation of TGFBR2 in microsatellite unstable colon cancer arises from the cooperation of genomic instability and the clonal outgrowth of transforming growth factor beta resistant cells.Biswas S et al
103608191999Structural alterations of transforming growth factor-beta receptor genes in human cervical carcinoma.Chen T et al
190506952009Endocytic regulation of TGF-beta signaling.Chen YG et al
129707542003Genomic profiling identifies alterations in TGFbeta signaling through loss of TGFbeta receptor expression in human renal cell carcinogenesis and progression.Copland JA et al
129468332003The genetics of pancreatic cancer.Cowgill SM et al
115862922001TGF-beta signaling in tumor suppression and cancer progression.Derynck R et al
181844352008Down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor (TGF-betaRII) protein and mRNA expression in cervical cancer.Diaz-Chavez J et al
162125112005Specificity and versatility in tgf-beta signaling through Smads.Feng XH et al
180003652007Molecular cytogenetic characterization of pancreas cancer cell lines reveals high complexity chromosomal alterations.Griffin CA et al
85649591996Homozygous deletion map at 18q21.1 in pancreatic cancer.Hahn SA et al
118506372002Crystal structure of the human TbetaR2 ectodomain--TGF-beta3 complex.Hart PJ et al
157024932005Linking Smads and transcriptional activation.Inman GJ et al
101986201999Changes of chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 11 in metastatic effusions arising from breast and ovarian cancer.Ioakim-Liossi A et al
90667361997Microsatellite instability and mutated type II transforming growth factor-beta receptor gene in gliomas.Izumoto S et al
146486582003In lymph node-negative invasive breast carcinomas, specific chromosomal aberrations are strongly associated with high mitotic activity and predict outcome more accurately than grade, tumour diameter, and oestrogen receptor.Janssen EA et al
117064181993Chromosome abnormalities in oral squamous cell carcinomas.Jin Y et al
129707722003Transforming growth factor-beta signaling in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.Kim SJ et al
179382572007Molecular biology of bone metastasis.Kingsley LA et al
91118631997Deletions of the short arm of chromosome 3 in solid tumors and the search for suppressor genes.Kok K et al
169289942006Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor.Loeys BL et al
190300252009Regulating the stability of TGFbeta receptors and Smads.Lönn P et al
98114671998Mapping of chromosome 3p deletions in human epithelial ovarian tumors.Lounis H et al
112122362001Inhibiting mutations in the transforming growth factor beta type 2 receptor in recurrent human breast cancer.Lücke CD et al
91550231997Positive and negative regulation of type II TGF-beta receptor signal transduction by autophosphorylation on multiple serine residues.Luo K et al
97666421998Mutational analysis of the transforming growth factor beta receptor type II gene in human ovarian carcinoma.Lynch MA et al
106061821999Analysis of chromosomal aberrations in breast cancer by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Correlation with histoprognostic variables and c-erbB-2 immunoexpression.Malamou-Mitsi VD et al
223995652012Loss of transforming growth factor beta type II receptor increases aggressive tumor behavior and reduces survival in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.Malkoski SP et al
205312922010Reduced transforming growth factor-beta receptor II expression in hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with intrahepatic metastasis.Mamiya T et al
124712432002The protein kinase complement of the human genome.Manning G et al
163225552005Smad transcription factors.Massagué J et al
97595031998TGF-beta signal transduction.Massagué J et al
211567262011Epigenetic suppression of the TGF-beta pathway revealed by transcriptome profiling in ovarian cancer.Matsumura N et al
154661782004Genetic pathways to glioblastoma: a population-based study.Ohgaki H et al
190506962009Roles of TGFbeta in metastasis.Padua D et al
183949902008TGFbeta primes breast tumors for lung metastasis seeding through angiopoietin-like 4.Padua D et al
199149622010Absence of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor is associated with poorer prognosis in HER2-negative breast tumours.Paiva CE et al
1113543620015q11, 8p11, and 10q22 are recurrent chromosomal breakpoints in prostate cancer cell lines.Pan Y et al
118774152002Early endosomal regulation of Smad-dependent signaling in endothelial cells.Panopoulou E et al
112760042001Decreased expression of TGF-beta cell surface receptors during progression of human oral squamous cell carcinoma.Paterson IC et al
199114212010Prognostic relevance of DNA copy number changes in colorectal cancer.Poulogiannis G et al
102148591999The TGF-beta type II receptor in chronic myeloid leukemia: analysis of microsatellite regions and gene expression.Rooke HM et al
95082091998Molecular abnormalities in lung cancer.Salgia R et al
174852992007Chromosomal aberrations in prostate cancer.Saramaki O et al
180005262007TGFbeta-SMAD signal transduction: molecular specificity and functional flexibility.Schmierer B et al
166988022006Escaping from the TGFbeta anti-proliferative control.Seoane J et al
110060382000Chromosome 4 deletions are frequent in invasive cervical cancer and differ between histologic variants.Sherwood JB et al
128096002003Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus.Shi Y et al
96799241998Detection of deletions in the short arm of chromosome 3 in uncultured renal cell carcinomas by interphase cytogenetics.Siebert R et al
107383092000Chromosome abnormalities in ovarian adenocarcinoma: III. Using breakpoint data to infer and test mathematical models for oncogenesis.Simon R et al
167999212006TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 mutations in patients with features of Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome.Singh KK et al
243235632014The microRNA networks of TGFβ signaling in cancer.Sivadas VP et al
34162741988Chromosome 1 abnormalities in cervical carcinoma.Sreekantaiah C et al
187816182008Identification of 23 TGFBR2 and 6 TGFBR1 gene mutations and genotype-phenotype investigations in 457 patients with Marfan syndrome type I and II, Loeys-Dietz syndrome and related disorders.Stheneur C et al
110547132000Marked genetic similarities between hepatitis B virus-positive and hepatitis C virus-positive hepatocellular carcinomas.Tornillo L et al
95988011998Novel mutations in the polyadenine tract of the transforming growth factor beta type II receptor gene are found in a subpopulation of human pancreatic adenocarcinomas.Venkatasubbarao K et al
171174172007Novel microdeletion in the transforming growth factor beta type II receptor gene is associated with giant and large cell variants of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.Wang JC et al
156239412004Genomic alterations in primary gastric adenocarcinomas correlate with clinicopathological characteristics and survival.Weiss MM et al
191149912009Phospho-control of TGF-beta superfamily signaling.Wrighton KH et al
123532642002Clinical implications of chromosomal abnormalities in gastric adenocarcinomas.Wu CW et al
175665982007Defective expression of transforming growth factor beta type II receptor (TGFBR2) in the large cell variant of non-small cell lung carcinoma.Xu JB et al
171821232006Regulation of Smad activities.Xu L et al
152083022004Molecular interactions that confer latency to transforming growth factor-beta.Young GD et al
156205792005Restoration of expression of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor in murine renal cell carcinoma (renca) cells by 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine.Zhang Q et al
191149902009Non-Smad pathways in TGF-beta signaling.Zhang YE et al
158953772005CpG methylation at promoter site -140 inactivates TGFbeta2 receptor gene in prostate cancer.Zhao H et al

Other Information

Locus ID:

NCBI: 7048
MIM: 190182
HGNC: 11773
Ensembl: ENSG00000163513

Variants:

dbSNP: 7048
ClinVar: 7048
TCGA: ENSG00000163513
COSMIC: TGFBR2

RNA/Proteins

Gene IDTranscript IDUniprot
ENSG00000163513ENST00000295754P37173
ENSG00000163513ENST00000295754A3QNQ0
ENSG00000163513ENST00000359013P37173
ENSG00000163513ENST00000359013D2JYI1

Expression (GTEx)

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400

Pathways

PathwaySourceExternal ID
MAPK signaling pathwayKEGGko04010
Cytokine-cytokine receptor interactionKEGGko04060
TGF-beta signaling pathwayKEGGko04350
Adherens junctionKEGGko04520
Colorectal cancerKEGGko05210
Pancreatic cancerKEGGko05212
Chronic myeloid leukemiaKEGGko05220
MAPK signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04010
Cytokine-cytokine receptor interactionKEGGhsa04060
TGF-beta signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04350
Adherens junctionKEGGhsa04520
Pathways in cancerKEGGhsa05200
Colorectal cancerKEGGhsa05210
Pancreatic cancerKEGGhsa05212
Chronic myeloid leukemiaKEGGhsa05220
EndocytosisKEGGko04144
EndocytosisKEGGhsa04144
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)KEGGko05142
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)KEGGhsa05142
Osteoclast differentiationKEGGko04380
Osteoclast differentiationKEGGhsa04380
HTLV-I infectionKEGGko05166
HTLV-I infectionKEGGhsa05166
Transcriptional misregulation in cancerKEGGko05202
Transcriptional misregulation in cancerKEGGhsa05202
Hippo signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04390
Hippo signaling pathwayKEGGko04390
FoxO signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04068
TGF-beta signalingKEGGhsa_M00680
TGF-beta signalingKEGGM00680
Metabolism of proteinsREACTOMER-HSA-392499
Post-translational protein modificationREACTOMER-HSA-597592
DiseaseREACTOMER-HSA-1643685
Diseases of signal transductionREACTOMER-HSA-5663202
Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3304351
Loss of Function of SMAD2/3 in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3304349
SMAD2/3 Phosphorylation Motif Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3304356
SMAD2/3 MH2 Domain Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3315487
Loss of Function of TGFBR2 in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3642278
TGFBR2 MSI Frameshift Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3642279
TGFBR2 Kinase Domain Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3645790
Loss of Function of TGFBR1 in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3656534
TGFBR1 LBD Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3656535
TGFBR1 KD Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3656532
Signal TransductionREACTOMER-HSA-162582
Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor ComplexREACTOMER-HSA-170834
TGF-beta receptor signaling activates SMADsREACTOMER-HSA-2173789
Downregulation of TGF-beta receptor signalingREACTOMER-HSA-2173788
TGF-beta receptor signaling in EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition)REACTOMER-HSA-2173791
AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complicationsKEGGko04933
AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complicationsKEGGhsa04933
DeubiquitinationREACTOMER-HSA-5688426
UCH proteinasesREACTOMER-HSA-5689603
Th17 cell differentiationKEGGko04659
Th17 cell differentiationKEGGhsa04659

PharmGKB

Entity IDNameTypeEvidenceAssociationPKPDPMIDs
PA161907438Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections (TAAD)DiseaseDataAnnotationassociated
PA166123310loeys-dietz syndromeDiseaseDataAnnotationassociated
PA24456ACTA2GeneDataAnnotationassociated
PA28016FBN1GeneDataAnnotationassociated
PA30526SMAD3GeneDataAnnotationassociated
PA31367MYH11GeneDataAnnotationassociated
PA31388MYLKGeneDataAnnotationassociated
PA36485TGFBR1GeneDataAnnotationassociated
PA443899DiarrheaDiseaseVariantAnnotationassociatedPD27160286
PA444880Marfan SyndromeDiseaseDataAnnotationassociated
PA446108Colorectal NeoplasmsDiseaseClinicalAnnotation, VariantAnnotationassociatedPD27160286
PA450085irinotecanChemicalClinicalAnnotation, VariantAnnotationassociatedPD27160286

References

Pubmed IDYearTitleCitations
157317572005A syndrome of altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal development caused by mutations in TGFBR1 or TGFBR2.376
169289942006Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor.318
152356042004Heterozygous TGFBR2 mutations in Marfan syndrome.151
231781172012MED12 controls the response to multiple cancer drugs through regulation of TGF-β receptor signaling.144
168494742006Anti-mitochondrial antibodies and primary biliary cirrhosis in TGF-beta receptor II dominant-negative mice.104
182431112008Cooperative assembly of TGF-beta superfamily signaling complexes is mediated by two disparate mechanisms and distinct modes of receptor binding.95
199131212009Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip.85
208054532010Molecular anatomy of breast cancer stroma and its prognostic value in estrogen receptor-positive and -negative cancers.81
193666992009Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and activin type II receptors balance BMP9 signals mediated by activin receptor-like kinase-1 in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells.76
220726222012MicroRNA-21 induces stemness by downregulating transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFβR2) in colon cancer cells.72

Citation

Vadakke Peringode Sivadas ; S Kannan

TGFBR2 (Transforming Growth Factor, Beta Receptor II (70/80kDa))

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2014-02-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/372/tgfbr2