Written | 2009-11 | Carmela Iosco, Kerry J Rhoden |
Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Gynaecologic, Obstetric, Pediatric Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy |
Identity |
Alias (NCBI) | CHNG1 | LGR3 | MGC75129 | TSH-R | hTSHR-I |
HGNC (Hugo) | TSHR |
HGNC Alias symb | LGR3 |
LocusID (NCBI) | 7253 |
Atlas_Id | 290 |
Location | 14q31.1 [Link to chromosome band 14q31] |
Location_base_pair | Starts at 80955621 and ends at 81108940 bp from pter ( according to GRCh38/hg38-Dec_2013) [Mapping TSHR.png] |
Local_order | Telomeric to NMNATP (nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase pseudogene); centromeric to GTF2A1 (general transcription factor IIA, 1, 19/37 kDa). |
Fusion genes (updated 2017) | Data from Atlas, Mitelman, Cosmic Fusion, Fusion Cancer, TCGA fusion databases with official HUGO symbols (see references in chromosomal bands) |
TTLL5 (14q24.3) / TSHR (14q31.1) |
Note | Belongs to the rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor superfamily (GPCR) and leucine-rich repeat containing GPCR family (LRG). |
DNA/RNA |
![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Structure of the TSHR gene and coding sequence (CDS). Boxes represent exons numbered 1 to 10 and proportional to length, red representing the coding sequence, grey representing untranslated regions (UTR); the horizontal line joining exons represents introns, shrunk to minimal length. Positions below the CDS are numbered relative to the transcription start. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description | Spans 190,778 bp, contains 10 exons. Kakinuma and Nagayama (2002) identified 13 exons, but most findings relate to the 10-exon pattern. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transcription | Regulated by a TATA-less promoter containing binding sites for GABP, TTF1, CREB, ATF2, TR/RXR, SSBP and ICER. Major transcript (TSHR isoform 1 precursor, NM_000369.2) encoded by 10 exons, transcript length 4410 bp, 2295 bp ORF, ~100 bp 5' UTR and 1.6 kb 3' UTR; the coding region spans positions 157-2451 bp, with a signal peptide at 157-216 bp, mature peptide from 217 to 2448 bp, poly-A signal at 4371-4376. Encodes the canonical protein, 764 aa. NCBI Entrez Gene describes two alternatively spliced variants, TSHR isoform 2 precursor (NM_001018036.1) and TSHR isoform 3 precursor (NM_001142626.1). Additional transcripts are possible; according to NCBI/Aceview, there are 10 alternatively spliced variants, based upon cDNAs deposited in GenBank derived from normal and neoplastic human tissues and cell lines. There are 3 probable alternative promoters, 6 non overlapping alternative last exons and 6 validated alternative polyadenylation sites. The mRNAs appear to differ by truncation of the 5' end, truncation of the 3' end, overlapping exons with different boundaries, alternative splicing or retention of 2 introns. There is no evidence for protein expression of splice variants.
|
Protein |
![]() | |
TSHR localization and structure. Left, thyroid follicle where the TSH-stimulated synthesis of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) occurs following iodide uptake and organification into thyroglobulin (Tg). Right, TSHR protein structure, showing the A subunit composed of leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and the N-terminus, and the B subunit composed of 7 transmembrane domains (TMD), the intracellular and extracellular loops (ICL and ECL respectively) and the C-terminus. | |
Description | G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), 764 aa membrane glycoprotein. Predicted MW 84.5 kDa; apparent MW of glycosylated protein 95-120 kDa. Consists of two subunits: (i) A or α subunit: encoded by exons 1-8 of TSHR gene; glycosylated extracellular ectodomain containing 9 leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and the N-terminus; binds TSH and other ligands (hCG and LH), (ii) B or β subunit: encoded by exons 9-10 of TSHR gene; consists of 7 trans-membrane domains (TMD) connected by extracellular loops (important for basal and activated function) and intracellular loops (important for G protein coupling), and an intracellular C terminus. A and B subunits are produced by posttranslational proteolytic cleavage of single-chain TSHR at the cell surface, with removal of a 50 aa peptide, and subsequent joining of A and B subunits by disulfide bridges. The B subunit is thought to be constitutionally active, and interaction with the A subunit ectodomain maintains the B subunit in an inactive state. |
Expression | Thyroid follicular epithelial cells; to a lesser degree in thymus, pituitary gland, lymphocytes, testis, retro-ocular fibroblasts, adipocytes, brain, heart and kidney. |
Localisation | Plasma membrane. |
Function | Regulation of thyroid metabolism. TSHR is the receptor for thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH), a member of the glycoprotein hormone family. TSH is released by the anterior pituitary gland and is the main regulator of thyroid gland growth and development. Binding of TSH to TSHR stimulates thyroid epithelial cell proliferation, and regulates the expression of differentiation markers such as thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and the sodium iodide symporter (NIS), necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. TSHR is coupled to heterotrimetric G proteins, regulatory proteins associated with the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Binding of TSH to TSHR causes a conformational change in TSHR, provoking the GTP-dependent dissociation of the Gα subunit from GβGγ dimers. Gα activates distinct signal transduction pathways to stimulate gene transcription and cell proliferation. Two G protein-dependent pathways are activated by TSHR: (i) Gαs activates adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP levels; cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) causing translocation of its catalytic subunit to the nucleus; PKA phosphorylates, among others, the transcription factor CREB thereby increasing its transcriptional activity. (ii) Gαq activates phospholipase C to increase phosphoinositide turnover, releasing inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG); DAG activates protein kinase C, which promotes proliferation via the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. Complex cross-talk occurs between these pathways and other signaling pathways including the PI3/Akt, PKC/NFkB and JAK/STAT pathways (for reviews see García-Jiménez and Santisteban (2007) and Latif et al. (2009)). TSHR is also activated by other members of the glycoprotein hormone family, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyrostimulin (a heterodimer composed of A2 and B5 glycoprotein hormone subunits). |
Homology | LHCGR (Luteinizing Hormone, Choriogonadotropin receptor) 51% amino acid identity; FSHR (Follicle Stimulating Hormone receptor) 48% amino acid identity. |
Mutations |
Note | Over 90 naturally occurring TSHR mutations have been identified, and are catalogued in the GRIS database and TSHR mutation database. Mutations are gain-of-function resulting in constitutional activation of the receptor independently of TSH, or loss-of-function resulting in loss of TSH sensitivity. Polymorphisms: Coding missense SNPs: Pro27Thr, Glu34Lys, Asp36His, Pro52Thr, Thr574Ser, Tyr601His, Val721Phe, Glu727Asp, Asn 744Lys. |
![]() | |
Table 2: TSHR mutations in thyroid disease. Mutations are listed in terms of the amino acid residues altered and their respective location (α = A subunit, β = B subunit, TM = transmembrane domain, ICL = intracellular loop, ECL = extracellular loop, LRR = leucine-rich repeat, hinge = domain connecting leucine-rich repeats to first transmembrane domain). Note: * unknown functional status of mutations (Ohno et al., 1995). | |
Germinal | Germinal TSHR mutations include missense mutations, nonsense mutations, insertion/deletions, and exon skipping due to alternative splicing. Germinal activating mutations are associated with hereditary or sporadic congenital hyperthyroidism, whereas germinal inactivating mutations are a cause of TSH resistance associated with congenital hypothyroidism and euthyroid hyperthyrotropinaemia. |
Somatic | Somatic TSHR mutations include missense mutations and in-frame deletions. Activating mutations have been identified in hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma and toxic multinodular goiter; few cases are associated with thyroid carcinoma. No somatic inactivating mutations have been described so far. |
Implicated in |
Note | |
Entity | Thyroid adenoma |
Disease | Somatic activating TSHR mutations are a major cause of hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas, benign neoplasms of thyroid follicular cells: - 10-80% of hyperfunctioning or 'hot' adenomas (i.e. ademomas with active radioiodide uptake and thyroid hormone synthesis) harbor somatic activating mutations (Parma et al., 1993; Russo et al., 1996; Führer et al., 2007). The highly variable frequency of mutations may reflect geographic differences. - Activating mutations are largely located in exon 10 encoding the TSHR β-subunit, and are particularly frequent in the sixth transmembrane segment (TM6) important for coupling to G proteins. - Mutations result in the constitutive activation of adenylate cyclase, stimulating thyrocyte proliferation and thyroid hormone synthesis. As a consequence, hyperfunctioning nodules provoke hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. - Nonfunctioning or 'cold' adenomas (i.e. not able to accumulate radioiodide or synthesize thyroid hormones) do not harbor TSHR mutations. |
Entity | Toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer's disease) |
Disease | Somatic activating TSHR mutations are a major cause of Toxic Multinodular Goiter (TMNG), a hyperplastic thyroid enlargement with multiple bilateral nodules: - 70-80% of hyperfunctioning nodules of TMNG harbor somatic activating mutations, many of which are shared with hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma suggesting a common pathogenic event (Tonacchera et al., 1998; Tonacchera et al., 2000). - Different hyperfunctioning nodules within a goiter harbor may distinct TSHR activating mutations, confirming the polyclonal etiology of TMNG. In contrast, nonfunctioning nodules within the same goiter do not harbor mutations. - TMNG is most common in iodine-deficient areas, and this may reflect the increased mutagenic load associated with chronic TSH stimulation and thyrocyte proliferation. - A germline polymorphism of codon 727 of TSHR was reported to be associated with TMNG (Gabriel et al., 1999), however a subsequent study failed to substantiate this finding in a European population (Mulhberg et al., 2000). |
Entity | Thyroid carcinoma |
Prognosis | TSHR mRNA in thyroid tumours: Reduced or absent TSHR mRNA in thyroid tumours is a negative prognostic marker, indicative of reduced effectiveness of radioiodine therapy. TSHR expression in thyroid carcinoma correlates with the state of differentiation of tumours, with loss of differentiation resulting in a loss of mRNA expression. Thus, well-differentiated carcinomas (papillary and follicular) show variable TSHR mRNA levels ranging from normal to markedly reduced, whereas undifferentiated anaplastic carcinoma shows absent TSHR mRNA (Brabant et al., 2001; Brönnegård et al., 1994; Shiels et al., 1999). TSHR regulates the thyroid expression of the iodide transporter NIS, and decreased TSHR expression impairs the iodine-concentrating capacity of thyroid tumours. Circulating TSHR mRNA: TSHR mRNA in peripheral blood has been suggested as a potential molecular marker of circulating thyroid carcinoma cells to aid in the differential diagnosis of malignant and benign thyroid disease preoperatively, and to detect residual, recurrent or metastatic thyroid cancer (Barzon et al., 2004; Chinnappa et al., 2004). TSHR promoter methylation: TSHR promoter methylation may be a marker for malignancy in thyroid carcinoma (Xing et al., 2003). |
Oncogenesis | TSHR mutations: Mutagenic screening of thyroid carcinomas reveals a low incidence of somatic TSHR mutations ranging from 0-22%, suggesting a limited role for TSHR mutations in the pathogenesis of thyroid carcinoma (Matsuo et al., 1993; Russo et al., 1995; Ohno et al., 1995; Spambalg et al., 1996; Esapa et al., 1997; Cetani et al., 1999). In most cases, somatic activating TSHR mutations occur in hyperfunctioning thyroid carcinomas: - Met453Thr in papillary carcinoma with hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule (Mirescu et al., 2000). - Ile486Phe in an autonomously functioning follicular carcinoma presenting a 'hot' nodule causing hyperthyroidism (Camacho et al., 2000). - Leu512Arg in autonomously functioning papillary carcinoma with 'hot' nodule (Gozu et al., 2004). - Thr620Ile in follicular carcinoma presenting as autonomous functioning thyroid nodule (Niepomniszcze et al., 2006). - Ala623Ser in papillary carcinoma with high constitutive adenylate cyclase activity (Russo et al., 1995). - Phe631Ile and Asp633Tyr in toxic metastasizing follicular thyroid carcinoma; no TSHR mutations in non-functioning lung metastases (Führer et al., 2003). - Thr632Ile in thyroid hormone-producing follicular carcinoma (Spambalg et al., 1996). - Asp633His in aggressive insular thyroid carcinoma (poorly-differentiated carcinoma) presenting as an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule and causing severe thyrotoxicosis; TSHR mutation also present in lymph node metastasis (Russo et al., 1997). - Leu677Val in autonomously functioning Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma causing thyrotoxicosis (Russo et al., 1999). Rare cases of TSHR mutations in nonfunctioning thyroid carcinoma have also been reported: - Thr632Ala in nonfunctioning follicular carcinoma (Spambalg et al., 1996). - Ala623Ser activating mutation in papillary carcinoma with 'cold' nodule, in patient with past history of Graves' disease (De Cross et al., 2008). The role of activating TSHR mutations in neoplastic transformation is unclear. Although TSHR activation stimulates thyrocyte proliferation, hyperfunctioning nodules (adenoma or toxic multinodular goiter) are rarely malignant, suggesting that constitutive activation of the cAMP cascade alone is insufficient for the malignant transformation of thyroid follicular cells. Epigenetics: The TSHR gene promoter is frequently hypermethylated in thyroid carcinoma, with preferential methylation in undifferentiated carcinoma (Xing et al., 2003; Schagdarsurengin et al., 2006). In contrast, TSHR gene promoter is unmethylated in the normal thyroid and in benign tumours (thyroid adenoma). Hypermethylation results in TSHR gene silencing and reduced TSHR expression in some malignant thyroid tumours. In thyroid cancer cell lines, demethylating agents partially restore TSHR expression. |
Entity | Congenital nongoitrous hypothyroidism-1 (CHNG1) |
Disease | Germline inactivation TSHR mutations are a cause of hereditary congenital nongoitrous hypothyroidism. Inactivating mutations result in variable degrees of TSH resistance, with clinical consequences ranging from euthyroid hyperthyrotropinemia to mild or severe hypothyroidism. CHNG1 is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, manifesting in homozygotes or compound heterozygotes. However, subclinical hypothyroidism may also manifest in heterozygotes, suggesting autosomal dominant inheritance. |
Entity | Hereditary nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism |
Disease | Germline activating TSHR mutations are a cause of hereditary nonautoimmune congenital hyperthyroidism (autosomal dominant inheritance). Sporadic cases of nonautoimmune congenital hyperthyroidism result from de novo germinal mutations. Activating germline mutations result in constitutive activation of the cAMP pathway in thyrocytes. Mutations are predominantly in exon 10 encoding the transmembrane domains. One activating mutation (Arg183Lys) increases sensitivity towards hCG and manifests in women during pregnancy (familial gestational hyperthyroidism). |
Bibliography |
Evaluation of circulating thyroid-specific transcripts as markers of thyroid cancer relapse. |
Barzon L, Boscaro M, Pacenti M, Taccaliti A, Palu G. |
Int J Cancer. 2004 Jul 20;110(6):914-20. |
PMID 15170676 |
Human thyrotropin receptor gene: expression in thyroid tumors and correlation to markers of thyroid differentiation and dedifferentiation. |
Brabant G, Maenhaut C, Kohrle J, Scheumann G, Dralle H, Hoang-Vu C, Hesch RD, von zur Muhlen A, Vassart G, Dumont JE. |
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1991 Nov;82(1):R7-12. |
PMID 1761161 |
Expression of thyrotropin receptor and thyroid hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human thyroid tissue. |
Bronnegard M, Toring O, Boos J, Sylven C, Marcus C, Wallin G. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Aug;79(2):384-9. |
PMID 8045952 |
A Phe 486 thyrotropin receptor mutation in an autonomously functioning follicular carcinoma that was causing hyperthyroidism. |
Camacho P, Gordon D, Chiefari E, Yong S, DeJong S, Pitale S, Russo D, Filetti S. |
Thyroid. 2000 Nov;10(11):1009-12. |
PMID 11128715 |
Genetic analysis of the TSH receptor gene in differentiated human thyroid carcinomas. |
Cetani F, Tonacchera M, Pinchera A, Barsacchi R, Basolo F, Miccoli P, Pacini F. |
J Endocrinol Invest. 1999 Apr;22(4):273-8. |
PMID 10342361 |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid measurement in blood as a marker for circulating thyroid cancer cells and its role in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer. |
Chia SY, Milas M, Reddy SK, Siperstein A, Skugor M, Brainard J, Gupta MK. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Feb;92(2):468-75. Epub 2006 Nov 21. |
PMID 17118994 |
Detection of thyrotropin-receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and thyroglobulin mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood of patients with thyroid disease: sensitive and specific markers for thyroid cancer. |
Chinnappa P, Taguba L, Arciaga R, Faiman C, Siperstein A, Mehta AE, Reddy SK, Nasr C, Gupta MK. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):3705-9. |
PMID 15292293 |
Thyrotropin receptor-associated diseases: from adenomata to Graves disease. |
Davies TF, Ando T, Lin RY, Tomer Y, Latif R. |
J Clin Invest. 2005 Aug;115(8):1972-83. (REVIEW) |
PMID 16075037 |
Functional studies of new TSH receptor (TSHr) mutations identified in patients affected by hypothyroidism or isolated hyperthyrotrophinaemia. |
De Marco G, Agretti P, Camilot M, Teofoli F, Tato L, Vitti P, Pinchera A, Tonacchera M. |
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 Feb;70(2):335-8. Epub 2008 Aug 22. |
PMID 18727713 |
G protein and thyrotropin receptor mutations in thyroid neoplasia. |
Esapa C, Foster S, Johnson S, Jameson JL, Kendall-Taylor P, Harris PE. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Feb;82(2):493-6. |
PMID 9024242 |
Somatic mutations in the thyrotropin receptor gene and not in the Gs alpha protein gene in 31 toxic thyroid nodules. |
Fuhrer D, Holzapfel HP, Wonerow P, Scherbaum WA, Paschke R. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Nov;82(11):3885-91. |
PMID 9360556 |
Two somatic TSH receptor mutations in a patient with toxic metastasising follicular thyroid carcinoma and non-functional lung metastases. |
Fuhrer D, Tannapfel A, Sabri O, Lamesch P, Paschke R. |
Endocr Relat Cancer. 2003 Dec;10(4):591-600. |
PMID 14713269 |
Germline polymorphism of codon 727 of human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is associated with toxic multinodular goiter. |
Gabriel EM, Bergert ER, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Thompson GB, Morris JC. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Sep;84(9):3328-35. |
PMID 10487707 |
TSH signalling and cancer. |
Garcia-Jimenez C, Santisteban P. |
Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007 Jul;51(5):654-71. (REVIEW) |
PMID 17891229 |
Does a Leu 512 Arg thyrotropin receptor mutation cause an autonomously functioning papillary carcinoma? |
Gozu H, Avsar M, Bircan R, Sahin S, Ahiskanali R, Gulluoglu B, Deyneli O, Ones T, Narin Y, Akalin S, Cirakoglu B. |
Thyroid. 2004 Nov;14(11):975-80. |
PMID 15671779 |
Multiple messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts and revised gene organization of the human TSH receptor. |
Kakinuma A, Nagayama Y. |
Endocr J. 2002 Apr;49(2):175-80. |
PMID 12081236 |
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor: impact of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies on multimerization, cleavage, and signaling. |
Latif R, Morshed SA, Zaidi M, Davies TF. |
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2009 Jun;38(2):319-41, viii. (REVIEW) |
PMID 19328414 |
United detection GNAS and TSHR mutations in subclinical toxic multinodular goiter. |
Liu C, Yang J, Wang F, Wu C, Zhou M. |
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print] |
PMID 19826830 |
The thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R) is not an oncogene for thyroid tumors: structural studies of the TSH-R and the alpha-subunit of Gs in human thyroid neoplasms. |
Matsuo K, Friedman E, Gejman PV, Fagin JA. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Jun;76(6):1446-51. |
PMID 8501149 |
Effectiveness of peripheral thyrotropin receptor mRNA in follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer. |
Milas M, Barbosa GF, Mitchell J, Berber E, Siperstein A, Gupta M. |
Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 Feb;16(2):473-80. Epub 2008 Nov 18. |
PMID 19015922 |
Hyperfunctioning malignant thyroid nodule in an 11-year-old girl: pathologic and molecular studies. |
Mircescu H, Parma J, Huot C, Deal C, Oligny LL, Vassart G, Van Vliet G. |
J Pediatr. 2000 Oct;137(4):585-7. |
PMID 11035845 |
Decreased expression of thyrotropin receptor gene suggests a high-risk subgroup for oncocytic adenoma. |
Mirebeau-Prunier D, Guyetant S, Rodien P, Franc B, Baris O, Rohmer V, Reynier P, Tourmen Y, Malthiery Y, Savagner F. |
Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Mar;150(3):269-76. |
PMID 15012610 |
Lack of association of nonautoimmune hyperfunctioning thyroid disorders and a germline polymorphism of codon 727 of the human thyrotropin receptor in a European Caucasian population. |
Muhlberg T, Herrmann K, Joba W, Kirchberger M, Heberling HJ, Heufelder AE. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Aug;85(8):2640-3. |
PMID 10946859 |
Follicular carcinoma presenting as autonomous functioning thyroid nodule and containing an activating mutation of the TSH receptor (T620I) and a mutation of the Ki-RAS (G12C) genes. |
Niepomniszcze H, Suarez H, Pitoia F, Pignatta A, Danilowicz K, Manavela M, Elsner B, Bruno OD. |
Thyroid. 2006 May;16(5):497-503. |
PMID 16756473 |
Point mutations in the thyrotropin receptor in human thyroid tumors. |
Ohno M, Endo T, Ohta K, Gunji K, Onaya T. |
Thyroid. 1995 Apr;5(2):97-100. |
PMID 7647578 |
Somatic mutations in the thyrotropin receptor gene cause hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas. |
Parma J, Duprez L, Van Sande J, Cochaux P, Gervy C, Mockel J, Dumont J, Vassart G. |
Nature. 1993 Oct 14;365(6447):649-51. |
PMID 8413627 |
Thyrotropin receptor gene alterations in thyroid hyperfunctioning adenomas. |
Russo D, Arturi F, Suarez HG, Schlumberger M, Du Villard JA, Crocetti U, Filetti S. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Apr;81(4):1548-51. |
PMID 8636365 |
Detection of an activating mutation of the thyrotropin receptor in a case of an autonomously hyperfunctioning thyroid insular carcinoma. |
Russo D, Tumino S, Arturi F, Vigneri P, Grasso G, Pontecorvi A, Filetti S, Belfiore A. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Mar;82(3):735-8. |
PMID 9062474 |
A Val 677 activating mutation of the thyrotropin receptor in a Hurthle cell thyroid carcinoma associated with thyrotoxicosis. |
Russo D, Wong MG, Costante G, Chiefari E, Treseler PA, Arturi F, Filetti S, Clark OH. |
Thyroid. 1999 Jan;9(1):13-7. |
PMID 10037070 |
CpG island methylation of tumor-related promoters occurs preferentially in undifferentiated carcinoma. |
Schagdarsurengin U, Gimm O, Dralle H, Hoang-Vu C, Dammann R. |
Thyroid. 2006 Jul;16(7):633-42. |
PMID 16889486 |
TSH receptor status of thyroid neoplasms--TaqMan RT-PCR analysis of archival material. |
Sheils OM, Sweeney EC. |
J Pathol. 1999 May;188(1):87-92. |
PMID 10398146 |
Methylation status of genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. |
Smith JA, Fan CY, Zou C, Bodenner D, Kokoska MS. |
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007 Oct;133(10):1006-11. |
PMID 17938324 |
Structural studies of the thyrotropin receptor and Gs alpha in human thyroid cancers: low prevalence of mutations predicts infrequent involvement in malignant transformation. |
Spambalg D, Sharifi N, Elisei R, Gross JL, Medeiros-Neto G, Fagin JA. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Nov;81(11):3898-901. |
PMID 8923835 |
Activating thyrotropin receptor mutations are present in nonadenomatous hyperfunctioning nodules of toxic or autonomous multinodular goiter. |
Tonacchera M, Agretti P, Chiovato L, Rosellini V, Ceccarini G, Perri A, Viacava P, Naccarato AG, Miccoli P, Pinchera A, Vitti P. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jun;85(6):2270-4. |
PMID 10852462 |
GRIS: glycoprotein-hormone receptor information system. |
Van Durme J, Horn F, Costagliola S, Vriend G, Vassart G. |
Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Sep;20(9):2247-55. Epub 2006 Mar 16. |
PMID 16543405 |
Methylation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor gene in epithelial thyroid tumors: a marker of malignancy and a cause of gene silencing. |
Xing M, Usadel H, Cohen Y, Tokumaru Y, Guo Z, Westra WB, Tong BC, Tallini G, Udelsman R, Califano JA, Ladenson PW, Sidransky D. |
Cancer Res. 2003 May 1;63(9):2316-21. |
PMID 12727856 |
Fatal outcome of a young woman with papillary thyroid carcinoma and graves' disease: possible implication of "cross-signalling" mechanism. |
de Cross GA, Suarez H, Pitoia F, Moncet D, Vanegas M, Bruno OD, Niepomniszcze H. |
Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2008 Oct;52(7):1194-200. |
PMID 19082310 |
Citation |
This paper should be referenced as such : |
Iosco, C ; Rhoden, KJ |
TSHR (thyroid stimulating hormone receptor) |
Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2010;14(9):846-852. |
Free journal version : [ pdf ] [ DOI ] |
External links |
REVIEW articles | automatic search in PubMed |
Last year publications | automatic search in PubMed |
© Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology | indexed on : Thu Mar 25 20:12:05 CET 2021 |
For comments and suggestions or contributions, please contact us