Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS)

Identity

Other names	Drash syndrome
	Wilms tumor and pseudo- or true hermaphroditism
	Nephropathy, Wilms tumor, and genital anomalies
Atlas_Id	10036
Genes implicated in	WT1
Note	Meacham Syndrome(OMIM # 608978) is an allelic disorder with some clinical features overlapping plus cardiac and pulmonary malformations.
Inheritance	To date about 150 patients with DDS have been described and its prevalence is largerly unknown (Mueller 1994). The inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant, but most reported cases resulted from a de novo mutation in germline cells or in earlier phases of embryonic development as postzygotic somatic event (Coppes et al.1992).

Clinics

Phenotype and clinics	Denys-Drash is a rare condition characterized by the triad of 46,XY disorder of sex developmental, renal dysfunction and Wilms Tumor. Litterature also described patients with complete and incomplete forms of Drash syndrome depending on the expression of a full or patial phenotype in which nephrophay is associated with either one of the other features (Jadresic et al.1990). Genitalia Male: 46, XY disorder of sex developmental with gonadal dysgenesis (sometimes both testicular and ovarian tissue present)inappropriate to drive a normal external genitalia development; higher risk to develop gonadoblastoma. Female: gonadal dysgenesis with ambiguous genitalia; sometimes can present normal external genitalia; higher risk to develop gonadoblastoma (Koziell et al. 1999; Öçal G 2011). Kidney Progressive diffuse mesangial sclerosis,focal glomerular sclerosis, nephrotic syndrome, highly progressive renal failure; nephroblastoma (Niaudet et al.2006). Cardiovascular System Secondary hypertension
Differential diagnosis	Frasier Syndrome Denys-Drash Syndrome shares several clinical features with Frasier Syndrome so that has been proposed as another end of the WT1 mutations spectrum. Patients affected by Frasier Syndrome present a 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis with streak gonads and normal external genitalia (with uterus) associated more frequently with development of gonadoblastoma. Glomerular damage consists usually in a non specific and focal sclerosis resulting in proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome that usually progresses to end -stage renal failure during adolescence or adulthood. Wilms tumor is not as common as in Denys-Drash Syndrome (Barbaux et al. 1997; Koziell et al. 1999)
	Comparison between Denys-Drash and Frasier Phenotypes.
Neoplastic risk	Most patients with DDS delevop Wilms tumor at the mean age of 18 months (vs a mean age of 44 months in sporadic Wilms tumor) with a bilateral onset in 20% of cases. Gonadoblastomas arise in dysgenetic gonads more frequently in Frasier Syndrome patients than DDS patients and usually present as benign tumors (Barbaux et al. 1997; Koziell et al. 2000).
Treatment	Nephrophaty is usually poorly responsive to common treatments. Some patients with Frasier Syndrome have underwent bilateral surgical gonadectomy (Niaudet et al.2006).
Prognosis	Death is usually secondary to renal failure. In Denys-Drash Syndrome nephrophaty has an early onset and renal failure comes within 3 years, while a slower end-stage progression is typical of Frasier nephrophaty. Rare reported patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia died by average age of 24 hours (Antonius et al.2008).

Cytogenetics

Note

Deletion or chromosomal rearrangements of 11p13 critical region are rarely reported: only 1 DDS case was found carrier of 11p13-p12 deletion and none with Frasier Syndrome (Jadresic et al.1991). However cytogenetic deletion involving 11p11 and 11p13 are described in sporadic Wilms Tumor and in Wilms tumor in association to WAGR (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies and mental retardation) Syndrome (OMIM #194072).

Genes involved and Proteins

Note	Gene-phenotype Denys-Drash syndrome 194080 Frasier syndrome 136680 Meacham syndrome 608978 Mesothelioma, somatic 156240 Nephrotic syndrome, type 4 256370 Wilms tumor, type 1 194070

Gene Name	WT1
Alias	Wilms Tumor 1 NPHS4 Last Three Zinc Fingers Of The DNA-Binding Domain Of WT1 Amino-Terminal Domain Of EWS Wilms Tumor Protein EWS-WT1 WIT-2 AWT1 WAGR GUD
Location	11p13
Note	WT1 gene encodes for a DNA-binding protein including four zinc-finger motifs at the C-terminus and a proline/glutamine-rich DNA-binding domain at the N-terminus. It acts as trascriptional modulator that has an essential role in the normal development of the urogenital system. This gene has a biallelic, and monoallelic expression from the maternal and paternal alleles in different tissues.

DNA/RNA
Transcription	Alternative splicing at two sites results in four major different zinc finger protein isoforms (molecular weights of between 52 and 54 kDa).

Protein
Description	Alternative splicing at the two sites generates 4 major different isoforms, respectively either including or excluding exon 5 and including or excluding three amino-acids - lysine, threonine and serine (KTS positive or negative isoforms). The KTS isoforms are highly conserved throughout evolution, indicating a very biological important function.
Expression	Kidney, ovary, testis, liver, heart and hematopoietic cells.
Localisation	Mainly nuclear, depending on the different isoforms.
Function	WT1 mediates trascriptional activation and/or repression of several gene targets. It particular seems to directly synergize with SF1 participating to steroidogenesis and in sexual differentiation by regulating expression of the polypeptide hormone mullerian inhibiting substance. In addition WT1 plays a key role in podocyte gene-expression and subsequently in podocyte differentiation (Nachtigat et al 1998; Lefebvre et al. 2015).

Mutations

Note

Denys-Drash WT1 mutations are clustered particularly in the exons encoding Zf2 and Zf3in and behave as dominant negatives. Most WT1 mutations in rasier patients affect the exon 9 donor splice site resulting in a functional imbalance of WT1 +KTS isoforms, as detected on dysgenetic gonads by RTPCR (Klam et al.1998; Haber et al.1991). In addition transcriptional profiling of mice lacking the WT1 alternative splice isoform (+KTS) seems to have a more restrictive podocyte set of genes whose expression depends on these alternatively spliced isoforms (Klamt et al 1998; Lefebvre et al. 2015).

Bibliography

Current concepts in disorders of sexual development

Öçal G

J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2011 3(3):105-14.

PMID 21911322

Denys-Drash syndrome and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: another case with the 1097G-A (arg366his) mutation

Antonius, T., van Bon, B., Eggink, A., van der Burgt, I., Noordam, K., van Heijst, A.

Am. J. Med. Genet. 2008 ; 146A: 496-499.

PMID 18203154

Donor splice-site mutations in WT1 are responsible for Frasier syndrome

Barbaux, S., Niaudet, P., Gubler, M.-C., Grunfeld, J.-P., Jaubert, F., Kuttenn, F., Fekete, C. N., Souleyreau-Therville, N., Thibaud, E., Fellous, M., McElreavey, K

Nature Genet. 1997 ; 17: 467-470.

PMID 9398852

Clinicopathologic review of twelve children with nephropathy, Wilms tumor, and genital abnormalities (Drash syndrome)

Jadresic, L., Leake, J., Gordon, I., Dillon, M. J., Grant, D. B., Pritchard, J., Risdon, R. A., Barratt, T. M.

J. Pediat.1990 ; 117: 717-725.

PMID 2172500

Frasier syndrome is caused by defective alternative splicing of WT1 leading to an altered ratio of WT1 +/-KTS splice isoforms

Klamt, B., Koziell, A., Poulat, F., Wieacker, P., Scambler, P., Berta, P., Gessler, M.

Hum. Molec. Genet. 1998 ; 7: 709-714.

PMID 9499425

Frasier and Denys-Drash Syndromes : different disorders or a part of a spectrum ?

Koziell A, Grundy R

Arch Dis Child 1999; 81:365-369.

PMID :

Alternatively spliced isoforms of WT1 control podocyte-specific gene expression

Lefebvre J, Clarkson M, Massa F, Bradford ST, Charlet A, Buske F, Lacas-Gervais S, Schulz H, Gimpel C, Hata Y, Schaefer F, Schedl A

Kidney Int. 2015 ; 88(2):321-31.

PMID 25993318

Wilms'tumor 1 and Dax-1 modulate the orphan nuclear receptor SF-1 in sex-specific gene expression

Nachtigal, M. W., Hirokawa, Y., Enyeart-VanHouten, D. L., Flanagan, J. N., Hammer, G. D., Ingraham, H. A

Cell 1998 ; 93: 445-454.

PMID 9590178

WT1 and glomerular diseases

Niaudet P, Gubler MC

Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21(11):1653-60.

PMID 16927106

Inherited WT1 mutation in Denys-Drash syndrome

Coppes, M. J., Liefers, G. J., Higuchi, M., Zinn, A. B., Balfe, J. W., & Williams, B. R.

Cancer research 1992 ; 52.21 : 6125-6128.

PMID 1327525

Alternative splicing and genomic structure of the Wilms tumor gene WT1

Haber, D. A., Sohn, R. L., Buckler, A. J., Pelletier, J., Call, K. M., Housman, D. E

Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 1991 ; 88: 9618-9622.

PMID 1658787

Frasier syndrome, part of the Denys Drash continuum or simply a WT1 gene associated disorder of intersex and nephropathy?

Koziell A, Charmandari E, Hindmarsh PC, Rees L, Scambler P, Brook CG.

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 ; 52(4):519-24.

PMID 10762296

The Denys-Drash syndrome

Mueller, R. F

J. Med. Genet. 1994 ; 31: 471-477.

PMID 8071974

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Piccione M, Salzano E

Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS);

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. in press

On line version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Tumors/DenysDrashID10036.html

External links

OMIM	194080
OMIM	136680
Orphanet	Denys-Drash syndrome
MeSH	D030321
MedGen	D030321
ICD-10	N04.1
Other database	Gene WT1 (GeneCards)
Other database	Denys-Drash syndrome (Genetic Home Reference)
Registry	Registry for Patients with WT1 Mutation Associated Diseases - UKE - Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin
Registry	ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry: European Registry for Children on Renal Replacement Therapy AMC - Academisch Medisch Centrum- Afdeling Klinische Informatiekunde

REVIEW articles	automatic search in PubMed
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