| Written | 2014-05 | Ioannis Panagopoulos |
| Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 031, Norway |
| Abstract |
| Abstract | Mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor derived from mesothelial cells. Losses of chromosome bands 14q32 and 22q12 have been found in more than 35% of the cases. Using RNA sequencing EWSR1-YY1 and its reciprocal YY1-EWSR1 fusion transcripts were detected in a mesothelioma carrying a t(14;22)(q32;q12) as the sole chromosomal aberration. Screening 15 additional cases of mesothelioma one more tumor was identified to carry an EWSR1-YY1 fusion gene but not the reciprocal YY1-EWSR1 transcript. In both cases exon 8 of EWSR1 (nucleotide 1139 accession number NM_013986 version 3, former exon 7 in sequence with accession number X66899) was fused to exon 2 of YY1 (nucleotide 1160 accession number NM_003403 version 3). The EWSR1-YY1 encoded protein is an abnormal transcription factor with the transactivation domain of EWSR1 and the DNA binding domain of YY1. This is the first study to detect a specific fusion gene in mesothelioma and also the direct involvement of YY1 in oncogenesis. |
| Identity |
| Atlas_Id | 6460 |
| Phylum | Lung, Heart,Skin, Other: Peritoneum: Mesothelioma::Mesothelioma : t(14;22)(q32;q12) EWSR1/YY1 |
| WHO/OMS Classification | Lung, Heart,Skin, Other |
| Note | Mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor derived from mesothelial cells. It is primarily found in the pleura (75%), peritoneum (10-20%), pericardium (1%) and tunica vaginalis (< 1%) (Moore et al., 2008). Mesothelioma is strongly associated with exposure to asbestos which can be documented in about 50-80% of pleural cases and 30% of peritoneal mesothelioma in men (Bianchi and Bianchi, 2007). Genetic predisposition, smoking, radiation, and viral infection can also contribute to mesothelioma. The onset of mesothelioma is insidious with a latency of 30 years (range: 20 to 50 years). The mean age of the patients is 60 years, but the disease can occur at any age (Moore et al., 2008). Survival rates vary but they generally remain low (Asbestos.com). |
| Clinics and Pathology |
| Disease | Mesothelioma |
| Phenotype / cell stem origin | Mesothelioma is derived from mesothelial cells. |
| Embryonic origin | Unknown. |
| Etiology | Mesothelioma is strongly associated with exposure to asbestos which can be documented in about 50-80% of pleural cases and 30% of peritoneal mesothelioma in men (Bianchi and Bianchi, 2007). Genetic predisposition, smoking, radiation, and viral infection can also contribute to mesothelioma either alone or together with exposure to asbestos. |
| Epidemiology | For a detailed and update epidemiology of mesothelioma see: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-malignant-pleural-mesothelioma. |
| Genetics |
| Note | Abnormal karyotypes detected by cytogenetic analysis have been reported in 128 mesotheliomas (Mitelman database). The changes are mostly complex, but a number of nonrandom abnormalities have been found involving chromosome arms 1p, 3p, 6q, 9p, and 22q. Studies using comparative genomic hybridization, loss of heterozygosity, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have also shown repeated regional chromosomal gains and losses. Among them, losses of chromosome bands 14q32 and 22q12 were found in 43-50% and 36% of the cases, respectively (Taniguchi et al., 2007; Takeda et al., 2012). On band 22q12, the NF2 gene was found to be mutated in 40% of mesotheliomas leading to complete functional inactivation of NF2 (see Thurneysen et al., 2009; and references therein). In two other studies, NF2 was found to be deleted (Taniguchi et al., 2007; Takeda et al., 2012). On chromosome band 14q32, the CHGA and ITPK1 genes were found to be deleted (Taniguchi et al., 2007; Takeda et al., 2012). |
| Cytogenetics |
| Note | In a mesothelioma, which was diagnosed as epithelioid type, the G-banding analysis yielded a karyotype with only a single chromosomal abnormality: 46,XY,t(14;22)(q32;q12)[10]/46,XY[5] (Panagopoulos et al., 2013). |
 | |
| Partial karyotype showing the two derivative chromosomes, der(14)t(14;22)(q22;q12) and der(22)t(14;22)(q22;q12), from the 14;22 translocation together with their corresponding normal homologues; breakpoints are indicated by arrows. | |
 | |
| A. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using BAC RP11-638I2 (FITC, green) for the YY1 gene (14q32) and RP11-612D3 (Texas Red, red) for the EWSR1 gene (22q12). The fusion signals are seen on both derivative chromosomes. B. Mapping position of the RP11-638I2. C. Mapping position of the RP11-612D3. | |
| Genes involved and Proteins |
| Gene Name | YY1 (YY1 transcription factor) |
| Location | 14q32.2 |
| Dna / Rna | Spans 44.495 kb on plus strand. |
| Protein | 414 amino acids, 44.7 kDa. |
| Gene Name | EWSR1 (Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1) |
| Location | 22q12.2 |
| Dna / Rna | Spans 32.5 kb on plus strand. Transcript of 2654 bp from 17 exons for the canonical form, with a coding sequence of 1971 nt. |
| Protein | 656 amino acids, 68.5 kDa. |
| Result of the chromosomal anomaly |
| Hybrid Gene | |
| Note | The balanced 14;22-translocation generates a functional EWSR1-YY1 chimeric gene in which exon 8 of EWSR1 (nucleotide 1139 accession number NM_013986 version 3; former exon 7 in sequence with accession number X66899) is fused to exon 2 of YY1 (nucleotide 1160 accession number NM_003403 version 3). The putative EWSR1-YY1 protein would contain the transactivation domain of EWSR1 and the DNA binding domain of YY1 and thus may act as an abnormal transcription factor. |
 | |
| Partial sequence chromatogram showing the fusion of exon 8 of EWSR1 with exon 2 of YY1. | |
| Description | The EWSR1-YY1 fusion gene was detected in 2 so far mesotheliomas (Panagopoulos et al., 2013). |
| Bibliography |
| Malignant mesothelioma: global incidence and relationship with asbestos. |
| Bianchi C, Bianchi T. |
| Ind Health. 2007 Jun;45(3):379-87. (REVIEW) |
| PMID 17634686 |
| Malignant mesothelioma. |
| Moore AJ, Parker RJ, Wiggins J. |
| Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2008 Dec 19;3:34. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-3-34. (REVIEW) |
| PMID 19099560 |
| RNA sequencing identifies fusion of the EWSR1 and YY1 genes in mesothelioma with t(14;22)(q32;q12). |
| Panagopoulos I, Thorsen J, Gorunova L, Micci F, Haugom L, Davidson B, Heim S. |
| Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2013 Aug;52(8):733-40. doi: 10.1002/gcc.22068. Epub 2013 Apr 30. |
| PMID 23630070 |
| Genomic gains and losses in malignant mesothelioma demonstrated by FISH analysis of paraffin-embedded tissues. |
| Takeda M, Kasai T, Enomoto Y, Takano M, Morita K, Kadota E, Iizuka N, Maruyama H, Nonomura A. |
| J Clin Pathol. 2012 Jan;65(1):77-82. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2011-200208. Epub 2011 Nov 12. |
| PMID 22081786 |
| Genomic profiling of malignant pleural mesothelioma with array-based comparative genomic hybridization shows frequent non-random chromosomal alteration regions including JUN amplification on 1p32. |
| Taniguchi T, Karnan S, Fukui T, Yokoyama T, Tagawa H, Yokoi K, Ueda Y, Mitsudomi T, Horio Y, Hida T, Yatabe Y, Seto M, Sekido Y. |
| Cancer Sci. 2007 Mar;98(3):438-46. |
| PMID 17270034 |
| Functional inactivation of NF2/merlin in human mesothelioma. |
| Thurneysen C, Opitz I, Kurtz S, Weder W, Stahel RA, Felley-Bosco E. |
| Lung Cancer. 2009 May;64(2):140-7. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.08.014. Epub 2008 Oct 4. |
| PMID 18835652 |
| Citation |
| This paper should be referenced as such : |
| I Panagopoulos |
| Mesothelioma: t(14;22)(q32;q12) in mesothelioma |
| Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2015;19(1):62-64. |
| Free journal version : [ pdf ] [ DOI ] |
| On line version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Tumors/t1422q32q12MesotheliomID6460.html |
| Translocations implicated (Data extracted from papers in the Atlas) |
| t(14;22)(q32;q12) EWSR1/YY1 | |
| External links |
| REVIEW articles | automatic search in PubMed |
| Last year articles | automatic search in PubMed |
| © Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology | indexed on : Thu Feb 14 17:42:54 CET 2019 |
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