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Dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS)
1999-10-01
Claude Viguié
 
Affiliation
Identity
Name
Dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS)
Alias
Familial atypical mole-malignant melanoma syndrome (FAMMM) , B-K mole syndrome
Inheritance
autosomal dominant with high penetrance and variable expressivity; the frequency of DNS is difficult to evaluate because a number of cases without malignant evolution are not recorded; DNS defines patients with numerous dysplastic nevi. FAMMM defines families where coexist numerous nevi with malignant melanoma (MM)
sporadic forms of dysplastic nevi are not considered as DNS
Omim
155600 , 155601
Mesh
D004416
Orphanet
404560 Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome
Umls
-
Clinics
Note
the familial dysplastic nevus syndrome is a good example of a genetic disorder which leads to the practice of self prevention and prevention at the family level; the risk is the evolution towards MM
multiple dysplastic naevi on the skin of the bac, with (left) a surgically resected malignant melanoma on the scalp - Courtesy Daniel Wallach
Phenotype and clinics
predominant in patients with a clear complexion, blue eyes and\/or presence of numerous nevi; the dysplastic nevus or \"nevus of Clark\" or \"atypical melanocytic nevus\" is a large mole with a variable size (5 to 15 mm), an irregular border and a color varying from dark brown to depigmentation; lesions are located mainly on the upper trunk, back, limbs, abdomen and arms; the number of moles is variable, from 10 to up to 100
histologic studies show the dysplastic nature of these nevi: junctional hyperplasia with isolated or clustered melanocytes, cells with large, irregular, hyperchromatic, and non mitotic nucleus; this aspect is intermediate between benign nevus and MM
Neoplastic risk
the main risk is to develop a MM but there is also a possible increased incidence of pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and
myeloma
; MM usually arises from a dysplastic nevus (DN) but it can also appear de novo or from a benign nevus; it occurs most often in the skin but it may also involve other sites, mainly the eye or the central nervous system; the risk of MM depends on three factors:
1- the number of nevi: MM occurs in 2 to 7% of the population; without DN the risk is multiplied by 2 if the total number of nevi is higher than 25; the risk is multiplied by 4 if they are more than 5 nevi with a diameter higher than 5 cm; the risk is multiplied by 2 with one DN and by 12 with 10 DN; 40% of MM occur on dysplastic nevi, more frequently in superficial than nodular forms
2- the existence of at least one case of MM in the family (risk x 2); the risk of MM is 100% in case of FAMMM; the patients with DNS who develop MM are notably younger than patients with sporadic forms; the age of onset in FAMMM regresses from generation to generation
3- the role of UV as a promoting factor is discussed; the number of DN increases with sun exposure
Treatment
clinical vigilance and tumour exeresis
Evolution
the number of DN can increase during life with an increase in MM risk
Prognosis
according to the tumour expansion at the time of exeresis
Cytogenetics
Inborn condition
a chromosome instability disorder was observed in cell cultures from the normal skin and dysplastic nevi over three-generations in DNS families, leading to translocations, duplications and deletions; in another study on MM, translocations involving bands 11q24, 1q25 and Xq13 were observed in patients with DNS, in dysplastic nevi and in the normal skin as well; a loss of chromosome 9 was found in 2 out of 4 DN, suggesting that deletion \/ inactivation of a gene on 9p may be a primary event in melanocyte transformation; loss of heterozygocity (LOH) for markers flanking the CDKN2A on 9p was described in primary MM and in a metastasis; other putative tumor suppressor genes which could be involved in the process are located in 1p13, 10p, 10q, 11q and 6q15-q23
DNS is characterized cytogeneticaly by an UV-induced elevated level of sister chromatid exchange (SCE); the post-UV plasmid hypermutability test is a laboratory marker for FAMMM patients, suggesting a defective repair mechanism of UV-induced DNA damage; deficient DNA repair in lymphocyte studies also characterizes some patients with sporadic dysplastic nevi or non familial MM
Genes involved and Proteins
Note
locus in 1p36 (called CMM1 for cutaneous malignant melanoma): this locus segregates with MM and DNS, but no gene is yet cloned
Note
locus in 1p32; this locus has been found mutated in the germline from patients with MM and other tumors
Note
CDKN2A\/p16\/MTS1\/CDK4 inhibitor (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A)ocus in 9p21; this locus has been designated as CMM2; germline mutations were found in this locus in 30 to 40% of patients with FAMMM, and in some patients with two cutaneous and\/or mucous MM; P16 is a candidate gene for MM susceptibility; there is a p16 mutation in 10 to 14% of patients suffering from sporadic multifocal MM; P16 is also involved in several other types of cancers; other tumor suppressor genes located at 9p are hypothetically involved in MM progression
Note
locus in 12q14; 2 germline mutations found in 3 FAMMM families
Note
locus in 6q: a 6q allelic loss was identified in 21 of 53 informative loci; the chromosomal region bearing the highest frequency of 6q allelic loss was defined by the markers MYB and ESR located at 6q22-q23 and 6q24-q27, respectively; this may indicate genetic heterogeneity
Note
locus in 16q24.3; defined as possible susceptibility gene
Note
mutations were found in benign and dysplastic nevi from patients with previous personal or familial history of MM; however, these mutations are considered to be late events and cannot be used as a marker to identify patients at high risk of MM
To be noted
Hgmd
335362 CDKN2A
Bibliography
Pubmed ID
Last Year
Title
Authors
9835460
1998
Characteristics of familial and non-familial melanoma in Australia.
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8970585
1996
A review of inherited predisposition to melanoma.
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7982177
1994
Dysplastic nevi as a melanoma risk factor in patients with familial melanoma.
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1673858
1991
Cytogenetic analysis in melanoma and nevi.
Cowan JM et al
8116618
1994
Linkage of cutaneous malignant melanoma/dysplastic nevi to chromosome 9p, and evidence for genetic heterogeneity.
Goldstein AM et al
3964923
1985
Acquired precursors of cutaneous malignant melanoma. The familial dysplastic nevus syndrome.
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Hürlimann AF et al
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Germline mutations of the CDKN2 gene in UK melanoma families.
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Chromosome rearrangements in dysplastic nevus syndrome predisposing to malignant melanoma.
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1993
Overexpression of p53 is a late event in the development of malignant melanoma.
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10388950
1999
Melanoma precursors in children.
Lefkowitz A et al
7671235
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Detection of p53 mutations in benign and dysplastic nevi.
Levin DB et al
9377580
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Hypermutability of UV-treated plasmids in dysplastic nevus/familial melanoma cell lines.
Moriwaki SI et al
7673498
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Melanocytic nevi, dysplastic nevi, and malignant melanoma in children from melanoma-prone families.
Novakovic B et al
8536232
1995
Cytogenetic study of neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells of the skin.
Pavarino EC et al
9724087
1998
Screening of germline mutations in the CDK4, CDKN2C and TP53 genes in familial melanoma: a clinic-based population study.
Platz A et al
9439668
1997
Inherited susceptibility to several cancers but absence of linkage between dysplastic nevus syndrome and CDKN2A in a melanoma family with a mutation in the CDKN2A (P16INK4A) gene.
Puig S et al
9326388
1997
Radiation-induced chromatid breaks and DNA repair in blood lymphocytes of patients with dysplastic nevi and/or cutaneous melanoma.
Sanford KK et al
8467253
1993
Dysplastic nevi in relation to superficial spreading melanoma.
Titus-Ernstoff L et al
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