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| | Representation of the CD109 protein with localization of recognized domains. CD109 protein is a GPI-anchored protein having signal peptide, Gov antigen, thioester region, and furinase cleavage site. |
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| Description | CD109 is a GPI-anchored cell-surface glycoprotein and is a member of the alpha-2-macroglobulin/C3,C4,C5 family of thioester-containing proteins (Sutherland et al., 1991; Haregewoin et al., 1994; Smith et al., 1995; Lin et al., 2002). The CD109 protein was first identified as a cell-surface antigen detected by a monoclonal antibody raised against the primitive lymphoid/myeloid cell line KG1a (Sutherland et al., 1991). It was also shown that CD109 carries the biallelic platelet-specific alloantigen Gov (Kelton et al., 1990; Smith et al., 1995). |
| Expression | CD109 is expressed on a subset of fetal and adult CD34+ bone marrow mononuclear cells, mesenchymal stem cell subsets, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated T lymphoblasts, thrombin-activated platelets, leukemic megakaryoblasts, endothelial cells, and some human tumor cell lines, but not on fresh peripheral leukocytes and normal bone marrow leukocytes (Kelton et al., 1990; Murray et al., 1999; Giesert et al., 2003).
In normal human tissues other than hematopoietic cells, CD109 is expressed in limited cells including the myoepithelial cells of the mammary, lacrimal, salivary and bronchial glands and the basal cells of the prostate and the bronchial epithelia (Hashimoto et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2005; Sato et al., 2007; Hasegawa et al., 2007; Hasegawa et al., 2008).
Recently, it has been reported that CD109 is highly expressed in several types of human cancer tissues, in particular squamous cell carcinomas (Hashimoto et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2005; Sato et al., 2007; Hasegawa et al., 2007; Hasegawa et al., 2008; Järvinen et al., 2008; Hagiwara et al., 2008; Ohshima et al., 2010; Hagikura et al., 2010). |
| Localisation | Plasma membrane. |
| Function | CD109 negatively regulates TGF-beta signaling in keratinocytes by directly modulating TGF-beta receptor activity in vitro (Finnson et al., 2006). |
| Homology | Orthologs: mouse CD109, rat CD109, cow CD109, dog CD109, chicken CD109, hagfish CD109, nematode CD109.
Paralogs: alpha-2-macroglobulin, alpha-2-macroglobulin-like-1, C3, C4, C5, PZP, CPAMD8. |
| Gova/b alloantigen system on human platelets. |
| Kelton JG, Smith JW, Horsewood P, Humbert JR, Hayward CP, Warkentin TE. |
| Blood. 1990 Jun 1;75(11):2172-6. |
| PMID 2346781 |
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| Identification of a cell-surface antigen associated with activated T lymphoblasts and activated platelets. |
| Sutherland DR, Yeo E, Ryan A, Mills GB, Bailey D, Baker MA. |
| Blood. 1991 Jan 1;77(1):84-93. |
| PMID 1984805 |
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| Cellular expression of a GPI-linked T cell activation protein. |
| Haregewoin A, Solomon K, Hom RC, Soman G, Bergelson JM, Bhan AK, Finberg RW. |
| Cell Immunol. 1994 Jul;156(2):357-70. |
| PMID 8025953 |
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| Characterization and localization of the Gova/b alloantigens to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein CDw109 on human platelets. |
| Smith JW, Hayward CP, Horsewood P, Warkentin TE, Denomme GA, Kelton JG. |
| Blood. 1995 Oct 1;86(7):2807-14. |
| PMID 7670116 |
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| CD109 is expressed on a subpopulation of CD34+ cells enriched in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. |
| Murray LJ, Bruno E, Uchida N, Hoffman R, Nayar R, Yeo EL, Schuh AC, Sutherland DR. |
| Exp Hematol. 1999 Aug;27(8):1282-94. |
| PMID 10428505 |
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| Cell surface antigen CD109 is a novel member of the alpha(2) macroglobulin/C3, C4, C5 family of thioester-containing proteins. |
| Lin M, Sutherland DR, Horsfall W, Totty N, Yeo E, Nayar R, Wu XF, Schuh AC. |
| Blood. 2002 Mar 1;99(5):1683-91. |
| PMID 11861284 |
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| A tyrosine703serine polymorphism of CD109 defines the Gov platelet alloantigens. |
| Schuh AC, Watkins NA, Nguyen Q, Harmer NJ, Lin M, Prosper JY, Campbell K, Sutherland DR, Metcalfe P, Horsfall W, Ouwehand WH. |
| Blood. 2002 Mar 1;99(5):1692-8. |
| PMID 11861285 |
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| Antibody W7C5 defines a CD109 epitope expressed on CD34+ and CD34- hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell subsets. |
| Giesert C, Marxer A, Sutherland DR, Schuh AC, Kanz L, Buhring HJ. |
| Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 May;996:227-30. |
| PMID 12799300 |
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| Expression of CD109 in human cancer. |
| Hashimoto M, Ichihara M, Watanabe T, Kawai K, Koshikawa K, Yuasa N, Takahashi T, Yatabe Y, Murakumo Y, Zhang JM, Nimura Y, Takahashi M. |
| Oncogene. 2004 Apr 29;23(20):3716-20. |
| PMID 15116102 |
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| CD109 expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. |
| Zhang JM, Hashimoto M, Kawai K, Murakumo Y, Sato T, Ichihara M, Nakamura S, Takahashi M. |
| Pathol Int. 2005 Apr;55(4):165-9. |
| PMID 15826242 |
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| Identification of CD109 as part of the TGF-beta receptor system in human keratinocytes. |
| Finnson KW, Tam BY, Liu K, Marcoux A, Lepage P, Roy S, Bizet AA, Philip A. |
| FASEB J. 2006 Jul;20(9):1525-7. Epub 2006 Jun 5. |
| PMID 16754747 |
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| CD109, a new marker for myoepithelial cells of mammary, salivary, and lacrimal glands and prostate basal cells. |
| Hasegawa M, Hagiwara S, Sato T, Jijiwa M, Murakumo Y, Maeda M, Moritani S, Ichihara S, Takahashi M. |
| Pathol Int. 2007 May;57(5):245-50. |
| PMID 17493171 |
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| High-level expression of CD109 is frequently detected in lung squamous cell carcinomas. |
| Sato T, Murakumo Y, Hagiwara S, Jijiwa M, Suzuki C, Yatabe Y, Takahashi M. |
| Pathol Int. 2007 Nov;57(11):719-24. |
| PMID 17922683 |
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| CD109 expression in basal-like breast carcinoma. |
| Hasegawa M, Moritani S, Murakumo Y, Sato T, Hagiwara S, Suzuki C, Mii S, Jijiwa M, Enomoto A, Asai N, Ichihara S, Takahashi M. |
| Pathol Int. 2008 May;58(5):288-94. |
| PMID 18429827 |
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| Up-regulation of CD109 expression is associated with carcinogenesis of the squamous epithelium of the oral cavity. |
| Hagiwara S, Murakumo Y, Sato T, Shigetomi T, Mitsudo K, Tohnai I, Ueda M, Takahashi M. |
| Cancer Sci. 2008 Oct;99(10):1916-23. |
| PMID 19016750 |
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| High-resolution copy number and gene expression microarray analyses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines of tongue and larynx. |
| Jarvinen AK, Autio R, Kilpinen S, Saarela M, Leivo I, Grenman R, Makitie AA, Monni O. |
| Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2008 Jun;47(6):500-9. |
| PMID 18314910 |
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| Correlation of pathological grade and tumor stage of urothelial carcinomas with CD109 expression. |
| Hagikura M, Murakumo Y, Hasegawa M, Jijiwa M, Hagiwara S, Mii S, Hagikura S, Matsukawa Y, Yoshino Y, Hattori R, Wakai K, Nakamura S, Gotoh M, Takahashi M. |
| Pathol Int. 2010 Nov;60(11):735-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02592.x. Epub 2010 Oct 6. |
| PMID 20946523 |
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| CD109 expression levels in malignant melanoma. |
| Ohshima Y, Yajima I, Kumasaka MY, Yanagishita T, Watanabe D, Takahashi M, Inoue Y, Ihn H, Matsumoto Y, Kato M. |
| J Dermatol Sci. 2010 Feb;57(2):140-2. Epub 2010 Jan 7. |
| PMID 20034764 |
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