TGFB1 (transforming growth factor, beta 1)

2013-02-01   Isabel Fuentes-Calvo , Carlos Martínez-Salgado 

Identity

HGNC
LOCATION
19q13.2
LOCUSID
ALIAS
CED,DPD1,IBDIMDE,LAP,TGF-beta1,TGFB,TGFbeta
FUSION GENES

DNA/RNA

Description

The human TGFB1 gene encodes 7 exons (Derynck et al., 1987).

Transcription

A 2,5 kb transcript of TGF-β1 has been described (Derynck et al., 1985). A subsequent study showed that human TGF-β1 transcript is 381 bases shorter than the original because the ATTAAA polyadenylation signal is located at position 2136 instead of 2517 (Scotto et al., 1990).

Proteins

Atlas Image
Figure 1: TGF-β1 structure. Small latent complex (SLC) is formed by one LAP segment and the mature TGF-β1. Monomers of these proteins dimerize forming disulfide bridges between C223 and C225 in the LAP and C356 in mature TGF-β1 forming a dimeric structure. Large latent complex (LLC) is formed by SLC and LTBP protein. Disulfide bridges are formed between C33 of LAP protein and the third 8-Cys repeat (CR domain) of LTBP. LLC can bind to extracellular matrix (ECM) through ECM domain in LTBP.

Description

TGF-β1 is a dimeric cytokine which shares a cysteine knot structure connected together by intramolecular disulfide bonds.
It is synthesized as a 390-amino acid precursor protein (pre-pro-TGF-β1 or small latent complex (SLC)) with a molecular weight of 25 kDa (Massague, 1990; Annes et al., 2003). The pre-pro-TGF-β1 is a monomer with three distinct parts: the signal peptide (SP: aminoacids 1-29), the latency associated peptide (LAP: aminoacids 30-278) and the mature peptide (mature TGF-β1: aminoacids 279-390) (Figure 1).
The SP targets the protein to a secretory pathway and it is cleaved off in the rough endoplasmatic reticulum where two monomers dimerize forming a disulfide bridge between cys 223 and 225 in the LAP and cys 278 in the mature TGF-β1. SLC is formed by the cleavage of arginine in position 278 by a furin convertase. The LAP peptide prevents the interaction between TGF-β1 and its receptors.
The SLC might associate covalently with a latent TGF-β1 binding protein (LTBP) which helps in SLC secretion and storage in the extracellular matrix (Koli et al., 2001).

Expression

TGF-β1 is a growth factor ubiquitously expressed. It was initially discovered as a factor inducing colony formation of normal rat kidney fibroblasts in soft agar in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Roberts et al., 1980; Roberts et al., 1981). By immunohistochemical techniques TGF-β1 was strongly detected in adrenal cortex, megakaryocytes and other bone marrow cells, cardiac myocytes, chondrocytes, renal distal tubules, ovarian glandular cells and chorionic cells of the placenta and also in cartilage, heart, pancreas, skin, and uterus (Thompson et al., 1989).

Localisation

TGF-β1 is secreted as an inactive precursor bound to the Latency Associated Peptide (LAP), forming the complex called Small Latent Complex (SLC). SLCs are secreted from cells and deposited into the extracellular matrix as covalent complexes with its binding proteins, also known as Latent TGF-β Binding Proteins, LTBPs (Koli et al., 2001). The latency proteins contribute to TGF-β1 stability. Active TGF-β1 half-life is about two minutes whereas LTBPs half-life is about 90 minutes. In cells, active TGF-β1 is forming a large ligand-receptor complex involving a ligand dimer and four receptor molecules.

Function

TGF-β1 has an important role in controlling development, tissue repair, immune defense, inflammation and tumorigenesis (Roberts, 1998). Moreover, TGF-β1 is involved in the interactions between epithelia and the surrounding mesenchyme, promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Massague et al., 2000).
Active TGF-β1 is released as a dimer due to proteolytic cleavage of LAP at low pH or via interactions with other proteins such as thrombospondins and αVβ6 integrin (Koli et al., 2001; Derynck et al., 2003). TGF-β1 bounds to the serine-threonine kinase TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) and recruits a constitutively phosphorylated TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII) that phosphorylates the regulatory segment, a 30-amino-acid region of the TβRI and forms a heterotetrameric receptor complex.
This complex activates both SMAD dependent and independent pathways such as STRAP (Datta et al., 1998), TRAP-1 (Charng et al., 1998), FKBP12 (Wang et al., 1994) and Ras/Raf/ERK (Matsuzaki, 2011). In the SMAD-dependent pathways, the receptor complex (or directly the type I receptor) phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs: SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD5 and SMAD8) which can now bind the cooperative SMAD (co-SMAD) SMAD4. SMAD6 and SMAD7 have inhibitory effects on TGF-β1 (Feng and Derynck, 2005). The R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they interact with DNA and other transcription factors and participate in the regulation of 100-300 target genes expression (Massague et al., 2005) (Figure 2).
Atlas Image
Figure 2: TGF-β1 signalling through the Smad-dependent pathway. 1) Mature TGF-β1 is released by different mechanisms such as degradation of LAP by proteases, induction of conformational change in LAP by interaction with thrombospondin or by rupture of noncovalent bonds between LAP and TGFβ-1. 2) Active TGFβ-1 binds to receptor type II (TβRII) which is constitutively phosphorylated and active. 3) The TGF-β1-TβRII complex recruits and activates TβRI by transphosphorylation of the GS domain. 4) The heterotetrameric receptor complex phosphorylates R-SMAD at the C-terminal SSXS domain. SARA protein promotes the binding of R-SMAD with TβRI. 5) The phosphorylation of R-SMAD allows the interaction with Co-SMADs. 6) This complex can translocate to the nucleus, joining the DNA and inducing or modulating the transcription of different target genes. 7) I-SMAD can inhibit signalling through the blockade of the access of the receptor complex to R-SMAD by mechanical interaction or inducing TβRI degradation by ubiquitination.

Homology

TGF-β1 shares a high degree of amino acid sequence homology (70%) with TGF-β2 (Massague et al., 1987).

Mutations

Germinal

Heterozygous mutations in TGFB1 gene result in Camurati-Engelmann disease type I (CED; MIM#131300). One of the most common mutations replaces the amino acid arginine with the amino acid cysteine at position 218 in the TGFβ-1 protein (written as Arg218Cys or R218C).

Somatic

Overexpression or alteration of active TGFβ-1 protein induced by somatic mutations in the TGFB1 gene are implicated in certain types of cancers (prostate, breast, colon, lung and bladder cancers).

Implicated in

Entity name
Cancer
Note
TGF-β1 has a relevant and complex role in cancer cell growth and development (Roberts et al., 1993). Alterations in TGF-β signalling pathway modify cancer risk. Overall, decreases in TGF-β1 signalling induce an increase in cancer risk, whereas increases in TGF-β secretion and signaling activation enhance the aggressiveness of tumors. TGF-β also stimulates invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis, and inhibits immune surveillance.
Entity name
Colorectal cancer
Note
TGF-β1 is involved in colorectal cancer (Kemik et al., 2013), modulating the degree of angiogenesis (Xiong et al., 2002). TGF-β induces a prometastatic program in stromal cells associated with a high risk of colorectal cancer relapse upon treatment (Calon et al., 2012). A polymorphism in TGFB1 (gene promoter -509C allele variant) is a possible risk factor for developing colorectal cancer (Wang et al., 2013).
Entity name
Breast cancer
Note
The TGFB1 LP10 polymorphism has been associated with breast cancer risk inducing an increase in TGF-β1 cellular expression and elevating plasma TGF-β1 levels, which might suppress the immune regulatory activities of macrophages and increase the risk of breast cancer (Dunning et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2005; Breast Cancer Association Consortium, 2006; Ivanovic et al., 2006; Cox et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2013), although other authors suggest that lower levels of circulating TGF-β1 are associated with a higher metastatic risk and poor disease prognosis (Panis et al., 2013).
Entity name
Glioma
Note
TGF-β1 is also involved in human gliomas, decreasing anti-tumour immunity (Lee et al., 1997; Dong et al., 2001; Zagzag et al., 2005) and increasing the motility of glioma cells by enhancing the expression of collagen and α2,5,β3 integrin, as well as up-regulating the activity of metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 at the cell surface of glioma cells (Wick et al., 2001).
Entity name
Prostate cancer
Note
Cancer progression and metastasis are associated with an increase in TGF-β1 circulating levels in patients with prostate cancer (Shariat et al., 2004; Ivanovic et al., 2006). Local expression of TGF-β1 is associated with tumor grade, tumor invasion and metastasis. The TGFB1 L10 polymorphism is associated with a poorer outcome and more aggressive tumors in patients with prostate cancer, and the TGFB1 509T polymorphism may play a role in advanced stage prostate cancer affecting TGF-β1 expression and increasing TGF-β1 serum levels (Ewart-Toland and Balmain, 2004). However, an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of TGFB1 at C-509T and a decreased risk of aggressive prostate cancer has been described (Brand et al., 2008). On the other hand, the codon 10 polymorphism in TGFB1 may have a significant influence on the development of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (Omrani et al., 2009).
Entity name
Lung cancer
Note
Elevated plasma TGF-β1 levels occur frequently in patients with lung cancer (Kong et al., 1996; Kang et al., 2006). TGF-β1 may offer protection against development of lung cancer acting as a suppressor of tumor initiation (Blobe et al., 2000; Rich et al., 2001; Siegel and Massague, 2003).
Entity name
Bladder cancer
Note
TGF-β is also overexpressed in bladder cancer. In this context, TGF-β1 may facilitate tumor escape from the immune system (de Visser and Kast, 1999; Wojtowicz-Praga, 2003; Helmy et al., 2007).
Entity name
Fibrosis
Note
The role of TGF-β1 in fibrosis is widely accepted (Verrecchia and Mauviel, 2002; Schnaper et al., 2003). In the kidney, TGF-β1 mediates apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchimal transition (EMT), causing progressive loss of differentiated renal cells, thus inducing chronic progression of renal disease. TGF-β1-induced apoptosis is likely to have a pathogenetic role in podocyte depletion and glomerulosclerosis, tubular degeneration/atrophy, and loss of glomerular and peritubular capillaries. In addition, EMT induced by TGF-β1 may contribute to tubular atrophy and generation of interstitial myofibroblasts, leading to concomitant tubulointerstitial fibrosis (Bottinger and Bitzer, 2002).
TGF-β1 is involved in liver fibrosis (Kanzler et al., 1999), inducing cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension, and is also involved in pulmonary fibrosis (Kang et al., 2007), inducing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patients with cystic fibrosis and homozygosity for the common phe508del mutation had an increased risk of severe pulmonary disease if they are also homozygous for C at nucleotide 29 of the TGFB1 gene, corresponding to a change in codon 10 (Drumm et al., 2005). High TGF-β1 protein production has been associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis, which can develop into pulmonary fibrosis (Limper et al., 1994).
Cardiac fibrosis is associated with the emergence of fibroblasts originating from endothelial cells, suggesting an endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). TGF-β1 induced endothelial cells to undergo EndMT, which contributes to the progression of cardiac fibrosis (Zeisberg et al., 2007). TGFbeta1 mRNA expression is greater in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy patients than in controls. Expression of TGF-β1 in the early stages of DMD may be critical in initiating muscle fibrosis, and antifibrosis treatment might slow progression of the disease (Bernasconi et al., 1995).
Entity name
Pulmonary edema
Note
The TGF-β1 latency-associated peptide (LAP) is a ligand for the integrin alpha-V-beta-6, and alpha-V-beta-6-expressing cells induce spatially restricted activation of TGFβ-1 (Munger et al., 1999). Mice lacking this integrin develop exaggerated inflammation and are protected from pulmonary fibrosis. Integrin-mediated local activation of TGF-β is critical to the development of pulmonary edema in acute lung injury and thus, the blockade of either TGF-β or its activation could be effective treatments (Pittet et al., 2001).
Entity name
Skeleton anomalies, dysplasia - Camurati-Engelmann disease
Note
A 673T-C transition in the TGFB1 gene resulting in a cys225-to-arg (C225R) missense mutation was found in Japanese and European patients with Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED) (Janssens et al., 2000; Kinoshita et al., 2000). That mutation causes the instability of the LAP homodimer and consequently leads to the activation of a constitutively active form of TGFβ-1 and increased proliferation of osteoblasts (Saito et al., 2001). Other mutations in the TGFB1 gene (653G-A transition resulting in an arg218-to-his (R218H) missense amino acid substitution, 652C-T transition resulting in an arg218-to-cys (R218C) missense mutation, tyr81-to-his (Y81H) substitution, 667T-C transition in exon 4, resulting in a cys223-to-arg (C223R) mutation, 667T-G transition in exon 4 resulting in a cys223-to-gly (C223G) mutation) were found in several Japanese and European families with Camurati-Engelmann disease. The most frequent mutation was R218C (Janssens et al., 2000; Kinoshita et al., 2000; Kinoshita et al., 2004). Osteoclast formation was enhanced approximately 5-fold and bone resorption approximately 10-fold in CED patients harbouring the R218C mutation (McGowan et al., 2003); the R218C mutation increases TGFB1 bioactivity and enhances osteoclast formation in vitro. The activation of osteoclast activity was consistent with clinical reports that showed biochemical evidence of increased bone resorption as well as bone formation in CED.
Entity name
Genetic disorder of the connective tissue - Marfan syndrome
Note
Circulating total TGF-β1 levels are significantly higher in patients with Marfan syndrome than in controls. TGF-β1 levels might serve as a prognostic or therapeutic marker in Marfan syndrome (Matt et al., 2009).
Entity name
Inflammatory skin disorder - Psoriasis
Note
Although TGF-β1 is known as an anti-inflammation cytokine (Letterio and Roberts, 1998), the inflammatory effect of TGF-β1 on skin has been described in inducible TGF-β1 transgenic mice, where inflammation is correlated with TGF-β1 expression (Han et al., 2001; Mohammed et al., 2010).
Entity name
Muscle atrophy - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrings disease, motor neurone disease)
Note
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) the plasma concentration of TGF-β1 increases significantly with the duration of illness, suggesting that TGF-β1 is involved in the disease process of ALS (Houi et al., 2002).
Entity name
Cerebrovascular amyloidosis - Alzheimer
Note
Chronic overproduction of TGFβ1 triggers a pathogenic cascade leading to Alzheimer disease-like cerebrovascular amyloidosis, microvascular degeneration, and local alterations in brain metabolic activity (Wyss-Coray et al., 2000).
Entity name
Obesity - Diabetes, hypertension
Note
Increased expression and a polymorphism of TGFB1 had been associated with abdominal obesity and body mass index (BMI) in humans (Long et al., 2003).

Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
124829082003Making sense of latent TGFbeta activation.Annes JP et al
76359501995Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in dystrophic patient muscles correlates with fibrosis. Pathogenetic role of a fibrogenic cytokine.Bernasconi P et al
107931682000Role of transforming growth factor beta in human disease.Blobe GC et al
122392512002TGF-beta signaling in renal disease.Böttinger EP et al
180821982008Association of polymorphisms in TGFB1 and prostate cancer prognosis.Brand TC et al
170187852006Commonly studied single-nucleotide polymorphisms and breast cancer: results from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium.
231535322012Dependency of colorectal cancer on a TGF-β-driven program in stromal cells for metastasis initiation.Calon A et al
95452581998A novel protein distinguishes between quiescent and activated forms of the type I transforming growth factor beta receptor.Charng MJ et al
172938642007A common coding variant in CASP8 is associated with breast cancer risk.Cox A et al
98569851998Identification of STRAP, a novel WD domain protein in transforming growth factor-beta signaling.Datta PK et al
38619401985Human transforming growth factor-beta complementary DNA sequence and expression in normal and transformed cells.Derynck R et al
34707091987Intron-exon structure of the human transforming growth factor-beta precursor gene.Derynck R et al
145345772003Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signalling.Derynck R et al
114870552001Concurrent hypermethylation of multiple genes is associated with grade of oligodendroglial tumors.Dong SM et al
162078462005Genetic modifiers of lung disease in cystic fibrosis.Drumm ML et al
127502872003A transforming growth factorbeta1 signal peptide variant increases secretion in vitro and is associated with increased incidence of invasive breast cancer.Dunning AM et al
152094002004The genetics of cancer susceptibility: from mouse to man.Ewart-Toland A et al
162125112005Specificity and versatility in tgf-beta signaling through Smads.Feng XH et al
112854022001Proliferation and differentiation of the keratinocytes in hyperplastic epidermis overlying dermatofibroma: immunohistochemical characterization.Han KH et al
183113842007The role of TGF-beta-1 protein and TGF-beta-R-1 receptor in immune escape mechanism in bladder cancer.Helmy A et al
123719242002Increased plasma TGF-beta1 in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Houi K et al
166503972006Elevated plasma TGF-beta1 levels correlate with decreased survival of metastatic breast cancer patients.Ivanović V et al
110624632000Mutations in the gene encoding the latency-associated peptide of TGF-beta 1 cause Camurati-Engelmann disease.Janssens K et al
164999942006Polymorphisms in TGF-beta1 gene and the risk of lung cancer.Kang HG et al
172090372007Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 stimulates pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation via a Bax-dependent, bid-activated pathway that involves matrix metalloproteinase-12.Kang HR et al
101983511999TGF-beta1 in liver fibrosis: an inducible transgenic mouse model to study liver fibrogenesis.Kanzler S et al
216699142013Human neutrophil peptides 1, 2 and 3 (HNP 1-3): elevated serum levels in colorectal cancer and novel marker of lymphatic and hepatic metastasis.Kemik O et al
151037292004TGFB1 mutations in four new families with Camurati-Engelmann disease: confirmation of independently arising LAP-domain-specific mutations.Kinoshita A et al
111702942001Latency, activation, and binding proteins of TGF-beta.Koli K et al
90175841996Plasma transforming growth factor-beta 1 reflects disease status in patients with lung cancer after radiotherapy: a possible tumor marker.Kong FM et al
158033612005Genetic polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 & TNF-beta and breast cancer risk.Lee KM et al
90369501997TGF-beta suppresses IFN-gamma induction of class II MHC gene expression by inhibiting class II transactivator messenger RNA expression.Lee YJ et al
95971271998Regulation of immune responses by TGF-beta.Letterio JJ et al
81115831994Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the nonnecrotizing granulomas of pulmonary sarcoidosis.Limper AH et al
146846912003APOE and TGF-beta1 genes are associated with obesity phenotypes.Long JR et al
163225552005Smad transcription factors.Massagué J et al
21773431990The transforming growth factor-beta family.Massagué J et al
217988542011Smad phosphoisoform signaling specificity: the right place at the right time.Matsuzaki K et al
196359702009Circulating transforming growth factor-beta in Marfan syndrome.Matt P et al
128431822003A mutation affecting the latency-associated peptide of TGFbeta1 in Camurati-Engelmann disease enhances osteoclast formation in vitro.McGowan NW et al
204109122010TGFbeta1-induced inflammation in premalignant epidermal squamous lesions requires IL-17.Mohammed J et al
100253981999The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis.Munger JS et al
198290352009Association of codon 10 polymorphism of the transforming growth factor beta 1 gene with prostate cancer and hyperplasia in an Iranian population.Omrani MD et al
233933762013Screening of circulating TGF-β levels and its clinicopathological significance in human breast cancer.Panis C et al
114131612001TGF-beta is a critical mediator of acute lung injury.Pittet JF et al
111702952001Transforming growth factor-beta signaling in cancer.Rich J et al
84480371993Physiological actions and clinical applications of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta).Roberts AB et al
95256931998Molecular and cell biology of TGF-beta.Roberts AB et al
112782442001Domain-specific mutations of a transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 latency-associated peptide cause Camurati-Engelmann disease because of the formation of a constitutively active form of TGF-beta 1.Saito T et al
124563332003Renal fibrosis.Schnaper HW et al
22987441990Type beta 1 transforming growth factor gene expression. A corrected mRNA structure reveals a downstream phorbol ester responsive element in human cells.Scotto L et al
151179882004Association of preoperative plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 with lymph node status and biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy.Shariat SF et al
145578172003Cytostatic and apoptotic actions of TGF-beta in homeostasis and cancer.Siegel PM et al
232903152013Regulation of epithelial cell turnover and macrophage phenotype by epithelial cell-derived transforming growth factor beta1 in the mammary gland.Sun X et al
26453031989Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in specific cells and tissues of adult and neonatal mice.Thompson NL et al
118908802002Control of connective tissue gene expression by TGF beta: role of Smad proteins in fibrosis.Verrecchia F et al
75186161994Specific interaction of type I receptors of the TGF-beta family with the immunophilin FKBP-12.Wang T et al
230845392013An updated meta-analysis on the association of TGF-β1 gene promoter -509C/T polymorphism with colorectal cancer risk.Wang Y et al
117160692001Glioma cell invasion: regulation of metalloproteinase activity by TGF-beta.Wick W et al
127955272003Reversal of tumor-induced immunosuppression by TGF-beta inhibitors.Wojtowicz-Praga S et al
108185212000Alzheimer's disease-like cerebrovascular pathology in transforming growth factor-beta 1 transgenic mice and functional metabolic correlates.Wyss-Coray T et al
120460782002TGF beta1 expression and angiogenesis in colorectal cancer tissue.Xiong B et al
157168632005Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex antigens in invading glioma cells: stealth invasion of the brain.Zagzag D et al
176608282007Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis.Zeisberg EM et al
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Other Information

Locus ID:

NCBI: 7040
MIM: 190180
HGNC: 11766
Ensembl: ENSG00000105329

Variants:

dbSNP: 7040
ClinVar: 7040
TCGA: ENSG00000105329
COSMIC: TGFB1

RNA/Proteins

Gene IDTranscript IDUniprot
ENSG00000105329ENST00000221930A0A499FJK2
ENSG00000105329ENST00000598758M0R2S0

Expression (GTEx)

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350

Pathways

PathwaySourceExternal ID
MAPK signaling pathwayKEGGko04010
Cytokine-cytokine receptor interactionKEGGko04060
Cell cycleKEGGko04110
TGF-beta signaling pathwayKEGGko04350
Colorectal cancerKEGGko05210
Renal cell carcinomaKEGGko05211
Pancreatic cancerKEGGko05212
Chronic myeloid leukemiaKEGGko05220
MAPK signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04010
Cytokine-cytokine receptor interactionKEGGhsa04060
Cell cycleKEGGhsa04110
TGF-beta signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04350
Pathways in cancerKEGGhsa05200
Colorectal cancerKEGGhsa05210
Renal cell carcinomaKEGGhsa05211
Pancreatic cancerKEGGhsa05212
Chronic myeloid leukemiaKEGGhsa05220
EndocytosisKEGGko04144
EndocytosisKEGGhsa04144
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)KEGGko05410
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)KEGGhsa05410
Dilated cardiomyopathyKEGGko05414
Dilated cardiomyopathyKEGGhsa05414
Intestinal immune network for IgA productionKEGGko04672
Intestinal immune network for IgA productionKEGGhsa04672
LeishmaniasisKEGGko05140
LeishmaniasisKEGGhsa05140
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)KEGGko05142
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)KEGGhsa05142
MalariaKEGGko05144
MalariaKEGGhsa05144
AmoebiasisKEGGko05146
AmoebiasisKEGGhsa05146
ToxoplasmosisKEGGko05145
ToxoplasmosisKEGGhsa05145
Osteoclast differentiationKEGGko04380
Osteoclast differentiationKEGGhsa04380
Rheumatoid arthritisKEGGko05323
Rheumatoid arthritisKEGGhsa05323
TuberculosisKEGGko05152
TuberculosisKEGGhsa05152
HTLV-I infectionKEGGko05166
HTLV-I infectionKEGGhsa05166
Hepatitis BKEGGhsa05161
Hippo signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04390
Hippo signaling pathwayKEGGko04390
Proteoglycans in cancerKEGGhsa05205
Proteoglycans in cancerKEGGko05205
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)KEGGhsa05321
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)KEGGko05321
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)KEGGhsa04932
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)KEGGko04932
FoxO signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04068
TGF-beta signalingKEGGhsa_M00680
TGF-beta signalingKEGGM00680
Metabolism of proteinsREACTOMER-HSA-392499
Post-translational protein modificationREACTOMER-HSA-597592
DiseaseREACTOMER-HSA-1643685
Diseases of signal transductionREACTOMER-HSA-5663202
Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3304351
Loss of Function of SMAD2/3 in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3304349
SMAD2/3 Phosphorylation Motif Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3304356
SMAD2/3 MH2 Domain Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3315487
Loss of Function of TGFBR2 in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3642278
TGFBR2 MSI Frameshift Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3642279
TGFBR2 Kinase Domain Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3645790
Loss of Function of TGFBR1 in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3656534
TGFBR1 LBD Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3656535
TGFBR1 KD Mutants in CancerREACTOMER-HSA-3656532
Infectious diseaseREACTOMER-HSA-5663205
Influenza InfectionREACTOMER-HSA-168254
Host Interactions with Influenza FactorsREACTOMER-HSA-168253
Influenza Virus Induced ApoptosisREACTOMER-HSA-168277
Immune SystemREACTOMER-HSA-168256
Cytokine Signaling in Immune systemREACTOMER-HSA-1280215
Signaling by InterleukinsREACTOMER-HSA-449147
HemostasisREACTOMER-HSA-109582
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregationREACTOMER-HSA-76002
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+REACTOMER-HSA-76005
Platelet degranulationREACTOMER-HSA-114608
Cell surface interactions at the vascular wallREACTOMER-HSA-202733
Signal TransductionREACTOMER-HSA-162582
Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor ComplexREACTOMER-HSA-170834
TGF-beta receptor signaling activates SMADsREACTOMER-HSA-2173789
Downregulation of TGF-beta receptor signalingREACTOMER-HSA-2173788
TGF-beta receptor signaling in EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition)REACTOMER-HSA-2173791
Extracellular matrix organizationREACTOMER-HSA-1474244
Elastic fibre formationREACTOMER-HSA-1566948
Molecules associated with elastic fibresREACTOMER-HSA-2129379
Non-integrin membrane-ECM interactionsREACTOMER-HSA-3000171
Syndecan interactionsREACTOMER-HSA-3000170
ECM proteoglycansREACTOMER-HSA-3000178
Developmental BiologyREACTOMER-HSA-1266738
Transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte differentiationREACTOMER-HSA-381340
AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complicationsKEGGko04933
AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complicationsKEGGhsa04933
DeubiquitinationREACTOMER-HSA-5688426
UCH proteinasesREACTOMER-HSA-5689603
Th17 cell differentiationKEGGko04659
Th17 cell differentiationKEGGhsa04659
Interleukin-4 and 13 signalingREACTOMER-HSA-6785807

Protein levels (Protein atlas)

Not detected
Low
Medium
High

PharmGKB

Entity IDNameTypeEvidenceAssociationPKPDPMIDs
PA443434Arthritis, RheumatoidDiseaseClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD22129793
PA446108Colorectal NeoplasmsDiseaseClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD27160286
PA448497aspirinChemicalClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD19138248
PA450085irinotecanChemicalClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD27160286
PA451261rituximabChemicalClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD22129793

References

Pubmed IDYearTitleCitations
243168882014Identification of a unique TGF-β-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia.625
247682052014A long noncoding RNA activated by TGF-β promotes the invasion-metastasis cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma.520
125988982003Dysregulation of TGF-beta activation contributes to pathogenesis in Marfan syndrome.445
195848672009TGF-beta1-induced migration of bone mesenchymal stem cells couples bone resorption with formation.349
183284302008E2F1-regulated microRNAs impair TGFbeta-dependent cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in gastric cancer.348
184698002008IL-21 and TGF-beta are required for differentiation of human T(H)17 cells.348
193451892009A Mutant-p53/Smad complex opposes p63 to empower TGFbeta-induced metastasis.344
163278022006IL-13 signaling through the IL-13alpha2 receptor is involved in induction of TGF-beta1 production and fibrosis.281
220365652011Master transcription factors determine cell-type-specific responses to TGF-β signaling.258
210416592010Autocrine TGF-beta and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) signaling drives the evolution of tumor-promoting mammary stromal myofibroblasts.244

Citation

Isabel Fuentes-Calvo ; Carlos Martínez-Salgado

TGFB1 (transforming growth factor, beta 1)

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2013-02-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/42534/tgfb1-(transforming-growth-factor-beta-1)