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Entity | Gastric cancer |
Disease | Gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer related deaths and the fourth most common cancer in the world, although its incidence is gradually decreasing. |
Prognosis | Gastric neoplastic transformation is associated with a decreased expression of MUC5AC. MUC5AC is used as a marker of gastric phenotype in stomach tumours, and its expression is associated with antral carcinomas. MUC5AC expression have been also related to tumour stage: it is expressed in early carcinomas while advanced gastric cancers present reduced levels of MUC5AC. |
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Entity | Colon cancer |
Disease | Colorectal cancer is one of the commonest cancers and the third leading cause of cancer death. However, its incidence has decreased due to a most effective intervention and life-style changes in the western countries. |
Prognosis | MUC5AC has been detected in precancerous lesions as well as in colon cancer, and this ectopic expression may represent a nonspecific repair function of the colon cells to compensate for damage to barrier function. |
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Entity | Endometrial adenocarcinoma |
Disease | Endometrial adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the female genital tract in developed countries, and it occurs predominantly after menopause. |
Prognosis | Increased levels of MUC5AC have been found in endometrial adenocarcinoma compared to normal endometrium and endometrial hyperplasia, suggesting a potential role for MUC5AC as a marker of endometrial neoplastic transformation. |
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Entity | Pancreatic cancer |
Disease | Pancreas cancer is a very aggressive tumor with a 5-year survival of less than 5%, and approximately 85% of them correspond to ductal adenocarcinomas. |
Prognosis | The ectopic expression of MUC5AC in pancreas ductal adenocarcinomas is an early event, already detected in the PanIN1A (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia 1A) stage. The MUC5AC expression is maintained to reach 85% of the pancreatic tumors. |
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Entity | Biliary tract cancer |
Disease | Biliary tract carcinomas are uncommon tumors that includes cholangiocarcinomas and gallbladder carcinomas. These tumors has a poor prognosis: more than 80% of the patients are unresectable with a 6-9 month survival, and this rate is increased to 5-year after surgery. |
Prognosis | MUC5AC is detected at very low levels in biliary tract carcinomas and its expression do not correlate with the clinical stage of the tumor. However, the detection of MUC5AC in sera from biliary tract carcinoma patients, associated to the MUC4 expression in the tumor, have been suggested as a highly specific markers for this neoplasia. |
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Entity | Airways pathologies: asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and nasal polyps (NP) in upper airways |
Disease | Asthma has grown, particularly among children, in prevalence and it is characterized by an airflow obstruction caused by inflammation-induced changes in airway smooth muscle contraction and by mucus hypersecretion. CF is characterized by impaired mucociliary clearance, leading to chronic airflow obstruction and to recurrent infections. COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. and Europe. Submucosal gland hypertrophy and airway surface metaplasia are the hallmarks of COPD. NP is an inflammatory disease whose aetiology is still unknown and affects 2-4% of general population. |
Prognosis | MUC5AC levels have been found to be increased in asthma, CF and COPD that alter the transport properties of the mucus gel and provide a favourable environment for pathogens. In NP a decrease of MUC5AC levels are detected. |
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MUC4 and MUC5AC are highly specific tumour-associated mucins in biliary tract cancer. |
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Muc5b and Muc5ac are the major oligomeric mucins in equine airway mucus. |
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