| |  |
| |
| | PH: pleckstrin homology domain
EF: EF-hand domain
X and Y: catalytic domains
C2: calcium-binding domain |
| |
| Description | The sequence of PLC-b2 contains a PH-domain in the amino-terminal region, that binds to polyhosphoinositides and to cytoskeleton proteins. The catalytic site corresponds to the X and Y domains, highly conserved among PLCs. A C2 domain, present in numerous signaling molecules, is involved in the calcium binding. The long carboxyl-terminal region, located downstream to the C2 domain, is involved in the Gaq mediated activation of the catalytic domains and contains a nuclear localization signal. Additional EF domains are located between the PH and X regions and seem to simply constitute a flexible linker to the X-Y domain. |
| Expression | PLC-b2, first isolated from a HL-60 cDNA library, is expressed predominantly in cells of haematopoietic origin. The amount of PLC-b2 correlates with the functional maturation of differentiating cells. In platelets, leukocytes and erythroleukemia cells, both the two alternatively spliced forms are present.
PLC-b2 is weakly expressed in breast epithelial cells and shows high levels in tumoral mammary tissues. PLC-b2 was also identified in ATP-secreting taste bud cells. |
| Localisation | PLC-b2 has both a cytoplasmic and a nuclear localization. In particular, PLC-b2 accumulates inside the nuclear compartment during agonist-induced granulocytic differentiation of tumoral myeloid precursors.
In platelets, expressing both splicing variants, PLC-b2a is most abundant in the nuclear compartment.
By means of immunocytochemical analysis, it has been demonstrated that in promyelocytes differentiating along the neutrophil lineage, PLC-b2 distribution evokes the spatial organization of the cytoskeleton. |
| Function | PLC-b2 catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) generating the second messenger molecules inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
In hematopoietic cells, PLC-b2 plays a crucial role in platelet activation and in response of neutrophils to chemoattractants.
During maturation of tumoral myeloid precursors, it has been demonstrated that the phosphodiesterase activity of PLC-b2 on the actin-associated PIP2 may be responsible, by modifying the phosphoinositide pools, for the modifications of cytoskeleton architecture that take place during motility of differentiating promyelocytes.
In taste bud cells, PLC-b2 is a marker of early differentiation and functional taste signalling. |
| Homology | PLC-b2 is related to PLC-b1 with an amino acid sequence identity of 48%. |
| Note | |
| | |
| Entity | Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia (APL) |
| Note | This hematopoietic disorder is a M3 subtype of acute myeloblastic leukemia and is characterized by a block of granulocytopoiesis at the promyelocytic stage. APL blasts present a balanced reciprocal t(15;17) chromosomal translocation encoding the PML/ RARA fusion protein that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. |
| Disease | PLC-b2, highly present in neutrophils of peripheral blood, is weakly expressed in blasts purified from patients with APL and in APL-derived cell lines. |
| Prognosis | PLC-b2 shows a large increase of expression during ATRA (all-trans-retinoic acid ) and/or As2O3-induced granulocytic differentiation of both APL-derived cell lines and blasts purified from patients with APL. PLC-b2 expression during differentiating treatments correlates with the granulocytic maturation levels reached by myeloid precursors. In addition, the level of PLC-b2 after ex-vivo ATRA treatment of APL blasts strikingly correlates with the responsiveness of APL patients to ATRA-based therapies.
This evidence demonstrates that PLC-b2 represents a specific marker for monitoring the agonist-induced overcoming of the maturation blockade of tumoral promyelocytes. |
| Oncogenesis | It has been reported that co-repressors bound to PML-RARa are released from DNA upon both ATRA and As2O3-treatment of APL cells leading to the activation of genes repressed by the fusion protein. This suggests that the reduced expression of PLC-b2, whose gene is located on chromosome 15, which is involved in the (15;17) translocation, may be related to the presence of the fusion protein. The increased expression of PLC-b2, induced by both ATRA and As2O3, may be related indeed to the removal of the fusion protein, that seems to constitute a common step of the differentiation pathways activated by the two agonists. |
| | |
| | |
| Entity | Breast cancer |
| Note | Breast cancer is highly heterogeneous and, during its sequential in vivo progression from atypical hyperproliferation to metastatic disease, tumor cells undergo phenotype alterations, including the loss, to a variable extent, of epithelial-like features, and the gain of more aggressive and invasive mesenchymal-like traits. Like most human neoplasm, breast cancer has aberrations in signal transduction elements that can lead to increased proliferative potential, sustained angiogenesis, apoptosis inhibition and tissue invasion and metastasis. The portrait of breast tumors remains stable during progression and no major changes appear to explain why a tumor may evolve to the metastatic stage and, at present, no marker has been clearly associated with the progression from in situ to invasiveness. |
| Disease | It has recently been demonstrated, by means of immunohistochemical analysis on tissue microarrays composed of breast cancer specimens and normal epithelia, that PLC-b2, poorly expressed in normal tissues, is up-regulated in almost all tumor cells. In particular, the amount of PLC-b2 correlates with morphological features of the different primary cancers, since weak expression is showed by tumors that retain a differentiated appearance, while a progressively higher amount of protein was revealed in poorly differentiated and undifferentiated tumors. |
| Prognosis | By analyzing the relationship between PLC-b2 levels and biological and clinic-pathological factors, it has been found that the expression of PLC-b2 strikingly correlates with histological grade, mitotic index and size of primary tumors. No differences in PLC-b2 amount were found in breast tumors that express estrogens and/or progesterone receptors, while tumors negative for at least one of the two receptors showed elevated expression of this enzyme, as well as the majority of HER-2 positive tumours. These data suggest that high amounts of PLC-b2 might be associated to a worse response to therapy.
Survival analysis of cancer-related death indicates that patients whose primary tumors express low levels of PLC-b2 show an overall survival significantly higher in comparison to patients whose primary tumors express high levels of protein. In addition, elevated PLC-b2 expression of primary breast cancer is associated with a shorter relapse-free time interval. |
| | |
| Phospholipase C-beta 2 promotes mitosis and migration of human breast cancer-derived cells. |
| Bertagnolo V, Benedusi M, Brugnoli F, Lanuti P, Marchisio M, Querzoli P, Capitani S |
| Carcinogenesis. 2007 ; 28 (8) : 1638-1645. |
| PMID 17429106 |
| |
| PLC-beta2 activity on actin-associated polyphosphoinositides promotes migration of differentiating tumoral myeloid precursors. |
| Brugnoli F, Bavelloni A, Benedusi M, Capitani S, Bertagnolo V |
| Cellular signalling. 2007 ; 19 (8) : 1701-1712. |
| PMID 17478077 |
| |
| Taste bud contains both short-lived and long-lived cell populations. |
| Hamamichi R, Asano-Miyoshi M, Emori Y |
| Neuroscience. 2006 ; 141 (4) : 2129-2138. |
| PMID 16843606 |
| |
| Roles of PLC-beta2 and -beta3 and PI3Kgamma in chemoattractant-mediated signal transduction. |
| Li Z, Jiang H, Xie W, Zhang Z, Smrcka AV, Wu D |
| Science (New York, N.Y.). 2000 ; 287 (5455) : 1046-1049. |
| PMID 10669417 |
| |
| Cloning, sequencing, expression, and Gq-independent activation of phospholipase C-beta 2. |
| Park D, Jhon DY, Kriz R, Knopf J, Rhee SG |
| The Journal of biological chemistry. 1992 ; 267 (23) : 16048-16055. |
| PMID 1644792 |
| |
| Structure, function, and control of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. |
| Rebecchi MJ, Pentyala SN |
| Physiological reviews. 2000 ; 80 (4) : 1291-1335. |
| PMID 11015615 |
| |
| Alternative splice variants of phospholipase C-beta2 are expressed in platelets: effect on Galphaq-dependent activation and localization. |
| Sun L, Mao G, Kunapuli SP, Dhanasekaran DN, Rao AK |
| Platelets. 2007 ; 18 (3) : 217-223. |
| PMID 17497434 |
| |
