| Entity | Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) |
| Note | Gene expression profiling using micro arrays has shown SOX4 is one of the most up-regulated genes in ACC, relative to non-neoplastic tissue of origin (Frierson et al., 2002). Immunohistochemistry analysis confirms the up-regulation of SOX4 in primary ACC tumors compared to normal tissue (Pramoonjago et al., 2006). |
| Disease | ACC is the second most common malignant salivary gland tumor, representing 28% of malignant submandibular gland tumors. |
| | |
| Entity | Bladder Cancer |
| Note | Whole genome expression profiling of 166 bladder tumors and 27 normal samples showed SOX4 up-regulated 5 fold in the tumors. When over-expressed in the bladder cell line HU609, SOX4 strongly impaired cell viability and promoted apoptosis (Aaboe et al., 2006). |
| Prognosis | A correlation was found between strong SOX4 expression levels and increased patient survival. |
| | |
| Entity | Breast Cancer |
| Note | MicroRNA miR335 has been shown to regulate Sox4 levels and is frequently found lost in primary tumors of breast cancer patients who relapse (Tavazoie et al., 2008). In experimental model systems, it appears that SOX4 is a primary gene product associated with metastasis and migration. |
| | |
| Entity | Leukemia |
| Note | SOX4 transcript is found in high levels in B-ALL and T-ALL, but not in AML, CML, CLL, Sezary syndrome, or T cell prolymphocytic leukemia (Mallampati et al., 2008). Retroviral tagging in mouse models suggests a functional role for SOX4 in hematologic malignancies (Shin et al., 2004; Suzuki et al., 2002; Lund et al., 2002). |
| | |
| Entity | Lung Cancer |
| Note | SOX4 is upregulated is a significant percentage of lung cancers (Bangur et al., 2002; Friedman et al., 2004) and antibodies to this protein can be found in the serum of lung cancer patients (Friedman et al., 2004). |
| | |
| Entity | Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
| Note | Experimental manipulation of SOX4 in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line models suggests that SOX4 is pro-apoptotic in this tumor type (Ahn et al., 2002). Paradoxically, another group found that knocking down SOX4 expression in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line decreased tumorigenicity (Liao et al., 2008). |
| | |
| Entity | Medulloblastoma |
| Note | SOX4 is significantly overexpressed in medulloblastoma compared to normal cerebellum and ependymoma (de Bont et al., 2008; Yokota et al., 2004). |
| Prognosis | A trend was found towards increased survival with increased levels of expression of SOX4. |
| | |
| Entity | Prostate Cancer |
| Note | SOX4 has been show to be over-expressed in prostate tumor samples by microarray analysis, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, stable transfection of Sox4 into non-transformed prostate cells form colonies in soft agar, suggesting SOX4 can be a transforming oncogene. |
| | |
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