Familial melanoma

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Familial melanoma

Written	2005-04	Femke de Snoo, Nelleke Gruis
		Dept Human, Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

(Note : for Links provided by Atlas : click)

Identity

Other names Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM)
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome (DNS)
Atlas_Id 10088

Genes implicated in CDK4 CDKN2A MC1R MITF POT1 TERT XRCC3
Note Used to also be known by B-K mole syndrome.

Inheritance Autosomal dominant with high penetrance and variable expression.

Clinics

Note Familial melanoma is a heterogenous entity including several clinical variants.

Phenotype and clinics Melanoma is hereditary in approximately 10% of the cases. The definition of hereditary melanoma is now described as a family in which either 2 first-degree relatives are diagnosed with melanoma, or families with 3 melanoma patients (irrespective of degree of relationship). The co-existence of melanoma and atypical nevi within families has been described and the syndrome has therefore been named Familial Atypical Multiple Mole-Melanoma (FAMMM).
Initially it was assumed that a simple dominant factor would be responsible for both melanoma and atypical nevi. However, after the cloning of the first melanoma susceptibility gene, genotype/phenotype correlation studies in mutation positive families soon revealed the complexities of the FAMMM syndrome. It appeared that atypical nevi do not neatly segregate with the mutation; this means that also non-carriers could have a florid nevus phenotype.

Pigmented lesions on the back of a patient from a melanoma family, displaying many common and atypical nevi.

Neoplastic risk The penetrance of melanoma in CDKN2A mutation carriers has recently been investigated by the International Melanoma Genetics Consortium, in which research groups from all over the world participate and is estimated to be 67% by the age of 80 years. This same study also showed the penetrance figures in hereditary melanoma to be different depending on geographic location. These differences between geographic locations were proportionate to the differences seen in sporadic melanoma, with the penetrance in Australia, USA and Sweden being 3.74 times higher than in Western Europe.
Risk of several other tumors has been reported but remains to be confirmed. However, the evidence for an increased risk of pancreatic carcinoma in CDKN2A mutation positive families is very strong.

Treatment Yearly surveillance of melanoma patients and their first- and second-degree relatives from age 12 onwards.

Prognosis If melanoma is identified at an early stage the disease has a good clinical outcome. On the other hand, life expectancy figures drop quickly with an increasing thickness of the tumour (approximately 55% 5 year survival with thickness over 1.5 mm). Early recognition of melanoma, or even better so, early recognition of precursor lesions of melanoma by skin screening for those at risk is therefore of utmost importance.

Genes involved and Proteins

Note Linkage studies suggest that approximately half of the melanoma families link to 9p21. Not in all families that link to 9p21, a CDKN2A mutation could be found. The 9p21 locus is therefore thought to harbour a second melanoma susceptibility gene, which is supported by several LOH studies in melanoma patient material. Recently however, 2 mutations have been described in the non-coding region of CDKN2A. Both the mutation in the 5' untranslated region of Canadian melanoma families as well as the deep intronic mutation in UK families turn out to be the most common CDKN2A mutations in those populations. Intronic mutations might explain a large part of the 9p21 linked families, in which no exonic CDKN2A mutation has been found.
The joint effort of the International Melanoma Genetics Consortium to search for more melanoma susceptibility genes has recently led to convincing evidence for an additional melanoma susceptibility locus on chromosome 1p22.

Gene Name CDKN2A (cyclin dependent kinase 2a / p16)

Alias MTS1 P16 p16INK4A

Location 9p21.3

Note Is the first identified melanoma susceptibility gene. By using different first exons, exon 1a and 1β respectively, CDKN2A encodes for 2 proteins: p16 and p14ARF.

DNA/RNA
Note By using different first exons, exon 1a and 1b respectively, CDKN2A encodes for 2 proteins: p16 and p14ARF, usually affected together. However, families displaying mutation affecting merely one gene indicate both p16 and p14ARF to be melanoma susceptibility genes by themselves.

Description p16: 3 exons (1a, 2 and 3) encoding 156 aminoacids
p14ARF: 3 exons (1b, 2 and 3) encoding 132 aminoacids

Protein
Note By using different first exons, exon 1a and 1β respectively, CDKN2A encodes for 2 proteins: p16 and p14ARF

Description p16: 156 aminoacids, encoding a protein of 15.8 kDa.
p14ARF: 132 aminoacids, encoding a protein of approximately 14 kDa.

Expression The normal levels of p16 and p14ARF expression are low in tissues and primary cells and are upregulated with in vitro senescence, ageing, and illegitimate oncogene activation. Loss of p16 expression is observed during tumor progression.

Localisation Interpretation of p16 stains by immunohistochemistry is controversial. Some consider both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining to be specific, whereas others consider cytoplasmic staining to be a confounding background and see only nuclear staining as relevant for p16 function. p16 is a small protein that might freely diffuse in and out of the nucleus and should be available to interact with its partners in both cellular compartments. Some immunofluorescence studies on inactivating mutations within CDKN2A have shown that they lead to accumulation or mislocalization of the mutant forms of p16 preferentially in one or other compartment. P14ARF is localized predominantly in the nucleolus but is also present in the nucleoplasm.

Function Cell cycle regulation.

Mutations
Note CDKN2A mutations in FAMMM families are scattered throughout exons 1a and exon 2. The mutation detection rate is assumed to be somewhere between 1.5-50%. This figure varies greatly among different studies, depending on family and population selection. The CDKN2A mutation detection rate rises with increasing number of affected cases in the family. Most mutations are missense mutations. Among the CDKN2A mutations that have been published, several are founder mutations.

Somatic In 17 to 20% of sporadic melanomas a somatic mutation is found.

Gene Name CDK4 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4)

Location 12q14.1

Note Candidate gene searches have led to the finding of a second melanoma susceptibility gene.

DNA/RNA
Note All CDK4 mutations found so far are located in exon 2 and affect codon 24, which is directly involved in the binding of p16INK4A. However, since CDK4 has only been found to be affected in 3 families worldwide, its role in familial melanoma does not seem to be of great impact.

Description CDK4 gene contains 8 exons (1441 bp) and spans 5 kb.

Protein
Description CDK4 consists of 8 exons, of which the first is noncoding, within a 5 kb segment, encoding a protein of 34 kDa.

Function Cell cycle regulation.

Mutations
Note All CDK4 mutations found so far are located in exon 2 and affect codon 24.

Bibliography

Geographical variation in the penetrance of CDKN2A mutations for melanoma.

Bishop DT, Demenais F, Goldstein AM, Bergman W, Bishop JN, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Chompret A, Ghiorzo P, Gruis N, Hansson J, Harland M, Hayward N, Holland EA, Mann GJ, Mantelli M, Nancarrow D, Platz A, Melanoma Genetics Consortium, Tucker MA

Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2002 ; 94 (12) : 894-903.

PMID 12072543

Expression and localization of mutant p16 proteins in melanocytic lesions from familial melanoma patients.

Ghiorzo P, Villaggio B, Sementa AR, Hansson J, Platz A, Nicoló G, Spina B, Canepa M, Palmer JM, Hayward NK, Bianchi-Scarrà G

Human pathology. 2004 ; 35 (1) : 25-33.

PMID 14745721

Cutaneous melanoma susceptibility and progression genes.

de Snoo FA, Hayward NK

Cancer letters. 2005 ; 230 (2) : 153-186.

PMID 16297704

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Snoo, de FA ; Gruis, NA

Familial melanoma

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2005;9(3):265-267.

Free journal version : [ pdf ] [ DOI ]

On line version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Tumors/FamilialMelanomID10088.html

Other genes implicated (Data extracted from papers in the Atlas) [ 1 ]

Genes CDKN2A

External links

OMIM 155600

OMIM 155601

OMIM 608035

OMIM 606719

OMIM 609048

OMIM 612263

OMIM 613099

OMIM 613972

OMIM 614456

OMIM 615134

OMIM 615848

Orphanet Familial melanoma

MeSH C562393

MedGen C562393

UMLS -

ICD-10 C43

Other database International Melanoma Genetics Consortium

REVIEW articles automatic search in PubMed

Last year articles automatic search in PubMed

Home Genes Leukemias Solid Tumors Cancer-Prone Deep Insight Case Reports Journals Portal Teaching

For comments and suggestions or contributions, please contact us

jlhuret@AtlasGeneticsOncology.org.

Other names	Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM)
	Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome (DNS)
Atlas_Id	10088
Genes implicated in	CDK4 CDKN2A MC1R MITF POT1 TERT XRCC3
Note	Used to also be known by B-K mole syndrome.
Inheritance	Autosomal dominant with high penetrance and variable expression.

Note	Familial melanoma is a heterogenous entity including several clinical variants.
Phenotype and clinics	Melanoma is hereditary in approximately 10% of the cases. The definition of hereditary melanoma is now described as a family in which either 2 first-degree relatives are diagnosed with melanoma, or families with 3 melanoma patients (irrespective of degree of relationship). The co-existence of melanoma and atypical nevi within families has been described and the syndrome has therefore been named Familial Atypical Multiple Mole-Melanoma (FAMMM). Initially it was assumed that a simple dominant factor would be responsible for both melanoma and atypical nevi. However, after the cloning of the first melanoma susceptibility gene, genotype/phenotype correlation studies in mutation positive families soon revealed the complexities of the FAMMM syndrome. It appeared that atypical nevi do not neatly segregate with the mutation; this means that also non-carriers could have a florid nevus phenotype.


	Pigmented lesions on the back of a patient from a melanoma family, displaying many common and atypical nevi.

Neoplastic risk	The penetrance of melanoma in CDKN2A mutation carriers has recently been investigated by the International Melanoma Genetics Consortium, in which research groups from all over the world participate and is estimated to be 67% by the age of 80 years. This same study also showed the penetrance figures in hereditary melanoma to be different depending on geographic location. These differences between geographic locations were proportionate to the differences seen in sporadic melanoma, with the penetrance in Australia, USA and Sweden being 3.74 times higher than in Western Europe. Risk of several other tumors has been reported but remains to be confirmed. However, the evidence for an increased risk of pancreatic carcinoma in CDKN2A mutation positive families is very strong.
Treatment	Yearly surveillance of melanoma patients and their first- and second-degree relatives from age 12 onwards.
Prognosis	If melanoma is identified at an early stage the disease has a good clinical outcome. On the other hand, life expectancy figures drop quickly with an increasing thickness of the tumour (approximately 55% 5 year survival with thickness over 1.5 mm). Early recognition of melanoma, or even better so, early recognition of precursor lesions of melanoma by skin screening for those at risk is therefore of utmost importance.

Gene Name	CDKN2A (cyclin dependent kinase 2a / p16)
Alias	MTS1 P16 p16INK4A
Location	9p21.3
Note	Is the first identified melanoma susceptibility gene. By using different first exons, exon 1a and 1β respectively, CDKN2A encodes for 2 proteins: p16 and p14ARF.

DNA/RNA
Note	By using different first exons, exon 1a and 1b respectively, CDKN2A encodes for 2 proteins: p16 and p14ARF, usually affected together. However, families displaying mutation affecting merely one gene indicate both p16 and p14ARF to be melanoma susceptibility genes by themselves.


Description	p16: 3 exons (1a, 2 and 3) encoding 156 aminoacids p14ARF: 3 exons (1b, 2 and 3) encoding 132 aminoacids

Protein
Note	By using different first exons, exon 1a and 1β respectively, CDKN2A encodes for 2 proteins: p16 and p14ARF
Description	p16: 156 aminoacids, encoding a protein of 15.8 kDa. p14ARF: 132 aminoacids, encoding a protein of approximately 14 kDa.
Expression	The normal levels of p16 and p14ARF expression are low in tissues and primary cells and are upregulated with in vitro senescence, ageing, and illegitimate oncogene activation. Loss of p16 expression is observed during tumor progression.
Localisation	Interpretation of p16 stains by immunohistochemistry is controversial. Some consider both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining to be specific, whereas others consider cytoplasmic staining to be a confounding background and see only nuclear staining as relevant for p16 function. p16 is a small protein that might freely diffuse in and out of the nucleus and should be available to interact with its partners in both cellular compartments. Some immunofluorescence studies on inactivating mutations within CDKN2A have shown that they lead to accumulation or mislocalization of the mutant forms of p16 preferentially in one or other compartment. P14ARF is localized predominantly in the nucleolus but is also present in the nucleoplasm.
Function	Cell cycle regulation.

Mutations
Note	CDKN2A mutations in FAMMM families are scattered throughout exons 1a and exon 2. The mutation detection rate is assumed to be somewhere between 1.5-50%. This figure varies greatly among different studies, depending on family and population selection. The CDKN2A mutation detection rate rises with increasing number of affected cases in the family. Most mutations are missense mutations. Among the CDKN2A mutations that have been published, several are founder mutations.
Somatic	In 17 to 20% of sporadic melanomas a somatic mutation is found.

Gene Name	CDK4 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4)
Location	12q14.1
Note	Candidate gene searches have led to the finding of a second melanoma susceptibility gene.

DNA/RNA
Note	All CDK4 mutations found so far are located in exon 2 and affect codon 24, which is directly involved in the binding of p16INK4A. However, since CDK4 has only been found to be affected in 3 families worldwide, its role in familial melanoma does not seem to be of great impact.
Description	CDK4 gene contains 8 exons (1441 bp) and spans 5 kb.

Protein
Description	CDK4 consists of 8 exons, of which the first is noncoding, within a 5 kb segment, encoding a protein of 34 kDa.
Function	Cell cycle regulation.

OMIM	155600
OMIM	155601
OMIM	608035
OMIM	606719
OMIM	609048
OMIM	612263
OMIM	613099
OMIM	613972
OMIM	614456
OMIM	615134
OMIM	615848
Orphanet	Familial melanoma
MeSH	C562393
MedGen	C562393
UMLS	-
ICD-10	C43
Other database	International Melanoma Genetics Consortium

REVIEW articles	automatic search in PubMed
Last year articles	automatic search in PubMed