Hereditary prostate cancer

Identity

Other names	Familial prostate cancer
Atlas_Id	10055
Genes implicated in	ELAC2  MSMB  MSR1  RNASEL
Inheritance	The inherited form is predicted to account for 5-9% of prostate cancers. Multiple forms of inheritance have been suggested based on segregation analyses: autosomal dominant (rare, high-penetrant gene, mostly linked to disease onset at a younger age), autosomal recessive, X-linked (mostly linked to late-onset cases), multi-factorial and co-dominant.

Clinics

Note	Hereditary/familial prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease entity with complex genetics.
Phenotype and clinics	The definition of hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) is based on the family history (pedigree). The suggested criteria include 1) nuclear family with three (or more) cases of prostate cancer, 2) prostate cancer in three successive generations, or 3) at least two men diagnosed with the disease before the age of 55 years. Familial aggregation of cases that don't fulfill the HPC criteria are defined as familial prostate cancer. The onset of HPC is on average 6 years earlier than of sporadic prostate cancer but the clinical course is otherwise no different.
Neoplastic risk	There is a greater risk of prostate cancer for brothers and sons of men with the disease. The relative risk of prostate cancer is about two-fold in first-degree relatives of affected men and the risk increases with increasing number of affected relatives and their decreasing age at diagnosis. The incidence and absolute risk of prostate cancer varies among different ethnic backgrounds. However, increase in relative risk for males with a positive family history of the disease is essentially the same in all studied populations. In epidemiological studies increased risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer, Hodgkin's disease, leukaemia and melanoma have been detected in relatives of prostate cancer patients.
Treatment	Curative treatment is possible for localized prostate cancer. Men with strong positive family history should be offered risk assessment and regular follow-ups. Early detection is possible through PSA (prostate specific antigen) testing and DRE (digital rectal examination). In rare families where known mutations are segregating, genetic testing may be possible.
Prognosis	Prognosis is more dependent on extent of the disease at diagnosis than on the genetic susceptibility. PSA testing is as efficient in HPC families as in the general population.

Genes involved and Proteins

Note

There is strong evidence from epidemiological and family studies in support of genetic predisposition to prostate cancer. Despite this, no major susceptibility gene has been identified. It is commonly accepted that predisposition may be mediated through multiple common low-to-moderate-penetrance risk alleles. Only few rare (high-risk) mutations in candidate genes have been found in families fulfilling the HPC definition. Familial prostate cancer is likely a mixture of cases caused by dominant high-risk genes, risk-modulating genes, environmental risk factors and ageing.

Gene Name	RNASEL
Alias	HPC1 RNS4 PRCA1 MGC104972 MGC133329 DKFZp781D08126
Location	1q25
Note	Ribonuclease L (2',5'-oligoisoadenylate synthetase-dependent), encodes an antiviral, proapoptotic and interferon-activated RNase.

DNA/RNA
Description	6 coding exons spanning 13,337 bases of genomic DNA, mRNA has a size of 4,166 kb.

Protein
Description	741 amino acids, 83,533 Da.
Expression	Highly expressed in spleen and thymus followed by prostate, testis, uterus, small intestine, colon and peripheral blood leukocytes.
Localisation	Cytoplasm and mitochondrion.
Function	Endoribonuclease, mediator of interferon action, which play a role in mediating resistance to virus infection and apoptosis. Possibly play a central role in the regulation of mRNA turnover.
Homology	mouse, rat

Mutations

Germinal

About 20 mutations/variants described. Met1Ile, Glu265>Stop and Arg462Gln were the first identified risk alleles for HPC. Arg462Gln has three times reduced enzymatic activity. A founder 471delAAAG has been found in Ashkenazi Jews. Glu265>Stop and Asp/Asp genotype of codon 541 have been associated with familial prostate cancer risk in Finnish and Japanese populations, respectively. These mutations are often associated with early age of onset.

Gene Name	ELAC2
Alias	HPC2 ELC2 FLJ10530 FLJ36693 FLJ42848
Location	17p11.2

DNA/RNA
Description	24 coding exons spanning 25,658 bases of genomic DNA, mRNA has a size of 3,026.

Protein
Note	Zinc phosphodiesterase ELAC protein 2.
Description	Protein product of 826 amino acids; 92,219 Da.
Expression	Highly expressed in heart, placenta, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, testis and ovary. Weakly expressed in brain, lung, spleen, thymus, prostate, small intestine, colon and leukocytes.
Localisation	Nucleus
Function	Zinc phosphodiesterase, which displays some tRNA 3'-processing endonuclease activity. Probably involved in tRNA maturation, by removing a 3'-trailer from precursor tRNA.
Homology	mouse, rat

Mutations
Germinal	4 mutations associated with prostate cancer susceptibility, altogether about 20 variants described. Two truncating nonsense mutations mutations have been found in HPC families. In addition, two common missense variants, Ser217Leu and Ala541Thr, have also been associated with familial prostate cancer susceptibility.

Gene Name	MSR1
Alias	CD204 SCARA1 SR-A phSR1 phSR2
Location	8p22

DNA/RNA
Note	Three isoforms. Isoform type 1 has a total length of 67,904; processed length of 1,356 and protein product length of 451. Isoform 2 has a total length of 53,475; processed length of 2,960 and mRNA product length of 2,960. Isoform 3 has a total length of 67,904; processed length of 1,167 and protein product length of 388. The isoforms type 1 and type 2 are functional receptors and are able to mediate the endocytosis of modified low density lipoproteins (LDLs). The isoform type 3 does not internalize modified LDL (acetyl-LDL) despite having the domain shown to mediate this function in the types 1 and 2 isoforms. It has an altered intracellular processing and is trapped within the endoplasmic reticulum, making it unable to perform endocytosis.
Description	9 (8) coding exons spanning 84.914 bases of genomic DNA, mRNA has a size of 1,167-3,761.

Protein
Note	Macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II
Description	I 451 amino acids, 49,762 Da; II 358 amino acids, 39,584 Da
Expression	Widely expressed. Highly expressed in heart, placenta, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, testis and ovary. Weakly expressed in brain, lung, spleen, thymus, prostate, small intestine, colon and leukocytes.
Localisation	Membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein.
Function	Membrane glycoproteins implicated in the pathologic deposition of cholesterol in arterial walls during atherogenesis. Two types of receptor subunits exist. These receptors mediate the endocytosis of a diverse group of macromolecules, including modified low density lipoproteins (LDL).
Homology	mouse, rat

Mutations
Germinal	Truncating mutations originally found in African-American and European-American men. Arg293X truncating mutation results in a dominant negative mutant of the gene.

To be noted

In addition to the three strong candidate susceptibility genes (RNASEL, ELAC2 and MSR1), a number of other loci have been identified in genome-wide genetic linkage studies using HPC families. These include for example 1p35-36 (CAPB), 1q42-43 ( PCAP ), 16q23, 17q22, 20q13 ( HPC20 ) and Xq27-28 ( HPCX ). However, many of the reported loci have been hard to validate in other populations and therefore the results of the linkage analyses have remained disparate. More recently, using genome-wide SNP analyses, even more susceptibility loci have been localized, including repeatedly detected 3p, 8q24, 10q11, 11q13, 17q and Xp11. In addition, association with familial prostate cancer has been detected with mutations of CHEK2 (22q12.1), BRCA2 (13q12), CDKN1B (12p13.1-p12), PON1 (7q21.3), SRD5A2 (2p23) and PALB2 (16p12.1) although the results are not fully consistent in all populations and ethnic groups studied.

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Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Schleutker, J

Hereditary prostate cancer

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2009;13(6):448-452.

Free journal version : [ pdf ]   [ DOI ]

On line version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Tumors/HeredProstateCancerID10055.html

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