| Clinics and Pathology |
| Disease | Soft tissue chondroma with t(3;12)(q27;q15). |
| Note | Only one case has been described to date. |
| Embryonic origin | The embryonic origin is unknown, but the tumor cells presumably derive from the mesoderm. |
| Etiology | Unknown. |
| Epidemiology | The only case of soft tissue chondroma with t(3;12)(q27;q15) described to date was a tumor resected from a 62-year-old man. |
| Clinics | The tumor presented as a solitary mass (8 x 6 x 8 cm) in the elbow region (fossa cubiti). |
| Pathology | The tumor displayed a multilobulated growth pattern and was composed of mature adult hyaline cartilage with peripheral areas of myxofibromatous/lipomatous tissue and metaplastic bone tissue. |
| Treatment | The tumor was removed with marginal excision. |
| Cytogenetics |
| Cytogenetics Morphological | The t(3;12)(q27;q15) has so far been described in one case of soft tissue chondroma. The same translocation has been identified as a recurrent chromosomal aberration in ordinary lipoma and pulmonary chondroid hamartoma. |
| Cytogenetics Molecular | Metaphase FISH mapping using cosmid probes specific for exons 1-2 (142H1) and exons 4-5 (27E12) of HMGA2 revealed that the breakpoint in chromosome band 12q15 was located within the large intron 3 of HMGA2. |
| Genes involved and Proteins |
| Gene Name | HMGA2 (high mobility group AT-hook 2). |
| Location | 12q15. |
| Dna / Rna | The gene consists of 5 exons that span approximately 160 kb of genomic DNA in the centromere-to-telomere orientation. The first three exons are separated from the last two exons by a particularly large intron (about 112 kb). The corresponding transcript is approximately 4,1 kb (referred to as "wildtype" or "isoform a" transcript of HMGA2). The translation initiation codon ATG is located in exon 1 and the stop codon in exon 5. Several alternative splice products of HMGA2 have been reported (referred to as "isoforms b, c, d, e and f" transcripts of HMGA2, respectively). |
| Protein | The open reading frame encodes a 108 amino acid protein with an estimated molecular weight of approximately 12 kDa. The first 3 exons each encode a DNA-binding domain. Exons 4 and 5 encode a spacer domain and an acidic domain, respectively. It has been suggested that the 3'-UTR acts as a negative regulator of the expression of HMGA2. The HMGA2 protein is a member of the HMGA (high mobility group A) family of proteins and is believed to affect transcription as architectural elements by bending the DNA and by interacting with a large number of proteins, mainly transcription factors. Reported specific targets of the HMGA2 protein are the pRB protein, as well as the promoter regions of the DNA-repair gene ERCC1 and the cyclin A gene. |
| Gene Name | LPP (LIM domain containing preferred translocation partner in lipoma). |
| Location | 3q27-28. |
| Dna / Rna | The gene consists of 11 exons and spans approximately 667 kb of genomic DNA in the centromere-to-telomere orientation. The corresponding transcript is approximately 7,3 kb. The translation initiation codon is located in exon 3 and the stop codon in exon 11. |
| Protein | The open reading frame encodes a 612 amino acid protein. The protein is composed of a proline rich N-terminal and 3 LIM domains in its C-terminal. Exons 3-7 encode the proline-rich domain. Exon 8 encodes the LIM1 domain and exon 9 encodes the LIM2 domain. Exon 10 and parts of exon 11 encode the LIM3 domain. The LPP protein is a member of the zyxin family (also referred to as "group 3") of LIM domain proteins. The LIM-domain encodes a double zink finger motif involved in protein-protein interactions. Functionally the LPP protein interacts with cytoplasmic proteins involved in focal adhesion and cell-to-cell contact, but it does also shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and has therefore been attributed a role in signal transduction processes. It has recently been shown that the LIM domains of LPP function as a transcriptional coactivator of the transcription factor PEA3/ ETV4. |
| Result of the chromosomal anomaly |
| Hybrid Gene | |
| Note | Only one case has been described to date. |
| Description | The structure of the hybrid gene has not been investigated at the genomic level in soft tissue chondroma with t(3;12)(q27;q15). |
| Transcript | The detected HMGA2-LPP fusion transcript was composed of the first 3 exons of HMGA2 and exons 9-11 of LPP. Identical fusion transcripts have previously been detected in ordinary lipoma and pulmonary chondroid hamartoma. The findings of identical fusion transcripts in different tumor types have strengthened the notion that it is not the formation of the HMGA2-LPP fusion per se that directs tumor cell differentiation. |
| Detection | Several detailed protocols for the detection of the HMGA2-LPP fusion transcript have been published. |
| Fusion Protein | |
| Note | The HMGA2-LPP fusion protein has not been functionally studied in soft tissue chondroma with t(3;12)(q27;q15). |
| Description | The HMGA2-LPP fusion protein is composed of the DNA-binding domains of HMGA2 and the LIM2 and LIM3 domains of LPP. |
| Expression Localisation | In transfection assays of 3T3-L1 cells it has been shown that the HMGA2-LPP fusion protein is located in the nucleus. |
| Oncogenesis | It has been suggested that the abnormal tumor cell proliferation is caused by a disruption in the balance of co-expression between the wildtype HMGA2 transcript and its splice variants. |
| Bibliography |
| Three major cytogenetic subgroups can be identified among chromosomally abnormal solitary lipomas. |
| Mandahl N, Heim S, Arheden K, Rydholm A, Willn H, Mitelman F |
| Human genetics. 1988 ; 79 (3) : 203-208. |
| PMID 3402992 |
| cDNA cloning of the HMGI-C phosphoprotein, a nuclear protein associated with neoplastic and undifferentiated phenotypes. |
| Manfioletti G, Giancotti V, Bandiera A, Buratti E, Sautire P, Cary P, Crane-Robinson C, Coles B, Goodwin GH |
| Nucleic acids research. 1991 ; 19 (24) : 6793-6797. |
| PMID 1762909 |
| Recurrent rearrangements in the high mobility group protein gene, HMGI-C, in benign mesenchymal tumours. |
| Schoenmakers EF, Wanschura S, Mols R, Bullerdiek J, Van den Berghe H, Van de Ven WJ |
| Nature genetics. 1995 ; 10 (4) : 436-444. |
| PMID 7670494 |
| LPP, the preferred fusion partner gene of HMGIC in lipomas, is a novel member of the LIM protein gene family. |
| Petit MM, Mols R, Schoenmakers EF, Mandahl N, Van de Ven WJ |
| Genomics. 1996 ; 36 (1) : 118-129. |
| PMID 8812423 |
| LIM domains: multiple roles as adapters and functional modifiers in protein interactions. |
| Dawid IB, Breen JJ, Toyama R |
| Trends in genetics : TIG. 1998 ; 14 (4) : 156-162. |
| PMID 9594664 |
| Chromosomal translocations in benign tumors: the HMGI proteins. |
| Hess JL |
| American journal of clinical pathology. 1998 ; 109 (3) : 251-261. |
| PMID 9495195 |
| The t(3;12)(q27;q14-q15) with underlying HMGIC-LPP fusion is not determining an adipocytic phenotype. |
| Rogalla P, Kazmierczak B, Meyer-Bolte K, Tran KH, Bullerdiek J |
| Genes, chromosomes & cancer. 1998 ; 22 (2) : 100-104. |
| PMID 9598796 |
| A high frequency of tumors with rearrangements of genes of the HMGI(Y) family in a series of 191 pulmonary chondroid hamartomas. |
| Kazmierczak B, Meyer-Bolte K, Tran KH, Wckel W, Breightman I, Rosigkeit J, Bartnitzke S, Bullerdiek J |
| Genes, chromosomes & cancer. 1999 ; 26 (2) : 125-133. |
| PMID 10469450 |
| LPP, an actin cytoskeleton protein related to zyxin, harbors a nuclear export signal and transcriptional activation capacity. |
| Petit MM, Fradelizi J, Golsteyn RM, Ayoubi TA, Menichi B, Louvard D, Van de Ven WJ, Friederich E |
| Molecular biology of the cell. 2000 ; 11 (1) : 117-129. |
| PMID 10637295 |
| The expression of HMGA genes is regulated by their 3'UTR. |
| Borrmann L, Wilkening S, Bullerdiek J |
| Oncogene. 2001 ; 20 (33) : 4537-4541. |
| PMID 11494149 |
| Sequencing of intron 3 of HMGA2 uncovers the existence of a novel exon. |
| Hauke S, Flohr AM, Rogalla P, Bullerdiek J |
| Genes, chromosomes & cancer. 2002 ; 34 (1) : 17-23. |
| PMID 11921278 |
| High mobility group A2 protein and its derivatives bind a specific region of the promoter of DNA repair gene ERCC1 and modulate its activity. |
| Borrmann L, Schwanbeck R, Heyduk T, Seebeck B, Rogalla P, Bullerdiek J, Wisniewski JR |
| Nucleic acids research. 2003 ; 31 (23) : 6841-6851. |
| PMID 14627817 |
| Fusion, disruption, and expression of HMGA2 in bone and soft tissue chondromas. |
| Dahln A, Mertens F, Rydholm A, Brosj O, Wejde J, Mandahl N, Panagopoulos I |
| Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2003 ; 16 (11) : 1132-1140. |
| PMID 14614053 |
| Transcriptional activation of the cyclin A gene by the architectural transcription factor HMGA2. |
| Tessari MA, Gostissa M, Altamura S, Sgarra R, Rustighi A, Salvagno C, Caretti G, Imbriano C, Mantovani R, Del Sal G, Giancotti V, Manfioletti G |
| Molecular and cellular biology. 2003 ; 23 (24) : 9104-9116. |
| PMID 14645522 |
| Extensive expression studies revealed a complex alternative splicing pattern of the HMGA2 gene. |
| Hauke S, Leopold S, Schlueter C, Flohr AM, Murua Escobar H, Rogalla P, Bullerdiek J |
| Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2005 ; 1729 (1) : 24-31. |
| PMID 15882911 |
| Building a better model of cancer. |
| Marusyk A, DeGregori J |
| Cell division. 2006 ; 1 : page 24. |
| PMID 17049090 |
| The LIM domain protein LPP is a coactivator for the ETS domain transcription factor PEA3. |
| Guo B, Sallis RE, Greenall A, Petit MM, Jansen E, Young L, Van de Ven WJ, Sharrocks AD |
| Molecular and cellular biology. 2006 ; 26 (12) : 4529-4538. |
| PMID 16738319 |
| REVIEW articles | automatic search in PubMed |
| Last year publications | automatic se arch in PubMed |
| Contributor(s) |
| Written | 10-2006 | Anna Collin |
| Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden |
| Citation |
| This paper should be referenced as such : |
| Collin A . Soft tissue chondroma with t(3;12)(q27;q15). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. October 2006 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Tumors/Chondromat0312ID5428.html |
This paper is referenced by INIST as such : |
| http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/2042/38391/1/10-2006-Chondromat0312ID5428.pdf [ Bibliographic record ] |
| © Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology | indexed on : Sat Mar 9 12:39:00 CET 2013 |
For comments and suggestions or contributions, please contact us