Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
Bone: Osteoma
| Identity |
| Phylum | Bone tumors:Osteogenic tumors:Osteoma |
| Note | Osteoma is a benign osteogenic lesion characterized by proliferation of compact, lamellar cortical bone. It presents as an exophytic mass usually arising from the bones of the skull and paranasal sinuses. Large osteomas may develop on the clavicle, pelvis, and tubular bones (parosteal osteomas). Some investigators consider the osteoma a true neoplasm, and others classify it as a developmental anomaly. |
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| Figure 1: Radiograph of the jaw bone demonstrates a well-circumscribed, homogeneously dense lesion. |
| Clinics and Pathology |
| Etiology | The etiology of the osteoma is still unknown. The possibility of a reactive mechanism, triggered by trauma or infection, has also been suggested. Very rarely osteomas of the facial bones may be associated with Gardner's syndrome. Gardner's syndrome and Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) were originally described as two different syndromes. Characteristic for both syndromes is the presence of 100 or more colorectal adenomas and the development of colorectal cancer. Patients with Gardner's syndrome differ from FAP patients by also demonstrating sebaceous cysts and osteomas, forming the so-called Gardner triad of colorectal adenomas, soft and hard tissue tumors. Gardner's syndrome and FAP traits map to the same chromosomal locus and may share the same somatic, as well as germline, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutations. Osteomas were observed in 46-93% of the patients with FAP, an incidence 4 to 20 times more frequent than in control groups (4-16%). Palpable osteomas were reported in 26 of 180 patients with FAP and 17 of them had a mutation situated within the spectrum spanning from codon 767 to codon 1513. |
| Epidemiology | Although any age may be affected, most osteomas occur in adults between the ages of 30 and 50 years. Osteomas occur more often in women than men (3:1). |
| Clinics | Osteomas are often incidental and asymptomatic findings. However, some present with long-standing (often years) symptomatic of sinus obstruction. The most common anatomic site is the frontal sinus, followed by ethmoids and sphenoid sinuses. Central osteomas are well delineated sclerotic lesions, without surface irregularities or satellite lesions. Peripheral osteomas are lesions with expansive borders that may be pedunculated. |
| Pathology | Compact osteomas, on microscopic examination, are consisted of mature lamellar bone. They have no Haversian canals and no fibrous component (Image 2,3). Trabecular osteomas are composed of cancellous trabecular bone with hematopoietic elements surrounded by a cortical bone margin. They may be found centrally (endosteal) or peripherally (subperiosteal) in the bone. |
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| Figure 2: The lesion consists of dense and lamellar cortical bone with a focal area of active bone modeling. Figure 3: Photomicrograph of the more solid area of the lesion to demonstrate the cellular woven character of the bone. | |
| Treatment | Simple excision is the treatment of choice for symptomatic lesions. |
| Prognosis | The lesion does not recur after surgical excision and it is not associated with malignant change. |
| Bibliography |
| Peripheral osteoma of the mandible: a study of 10 new cases and analysis of the literature. |
| Kaplan I, Calderon S, Buchner A. |
| J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 May;52(5):467-70. Review |
| PMID 8169708 |
| Peripheral osteoma of the oral and maxillofacial region: a study of 35 new cases. |
| Sayan NB, Ucok C, Karasu HA, Gunhan O. |
| J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Nov;60(11):1299-301. Review |
| PMID 12420263 |
| The concomitant occurrence of multiple epidermal cysts, osteomas and thyroid gland nodules is not diagnostic for Gardner syndrome in the absence of intestinal polyposis: a clinical and genetic report. |
| Herrmann SM, Adler YD, Schmidt-Petersen K, Nicaud V, Morrison C, Paul M, Zouboulis ChC. |
| Br J Dermatol. 2003 Oct;149(4):877-83. |
| PMID 14616385 |
| A case of Gardner syndrome with a mutation at codon 1556 of APC: a suggested case of genotype-phenotype correlation in dental abnormality. |
| Oku T, Takayama T, Sato Y, Sato Y, Takada K, Hayashi T, Takahashi M, Kuroda M, Kato J, Niitsu Y. |
| Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Jan;16(1):101-5. |
| PMID 15095859 |
| Benign osteoma with Gardner syndrome: review of the literature and report of a case. |
| Bilkay U, Erdem O, Ozek C, Helvaci E, Kilic K, Ertan Y, Gurler T. |
| J Craniofac Surg. 2004 May;15(3):506-9. Review |
| PMID 15111819 |
| Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): genotype correlation to FAP phenotype with osteomas and sebaceous cysts. |
| Bisgaard ML, Bulow S. |
| Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Feb 1;140(3):200-4. |
| PMID 16411234 |
| Oral and maxillofacial manifestations of familial adenomatous polyposis. |
| Wijn MA, Keller JJ, Giardiello FM, Brand HS. |
| Oral Dis. 2007 Jul;13(4):360-5. Review |
| PMID 17577321 |
| Osteomas of the craniofacial region. Review of 106 cases. |
| Larrea-Oyarbide N, Valmaseda-Castellon E, Berini-Aytes L, Gay-Escoda C. |
| J Oral Pathol Med. 2008 Jan;37(1):38-42. |
| PMID 18154576 |
| REVIEW articles | automatic search in PubMed |
| Last year publications | automatic se arch in PubMed |
| Contributor(s) |
| Written | 02-2009 | Carlos Eduardo de Andrea, Pancras CW Hogendoorn |
| Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, P1-30, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands |
| Citation |
| This paper should be referenced as such : |
| de Andrea CE, Hogendoorn PCW . Bone: Osteoma. Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. February 2009 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Tumors/OsteomaID5427.html |
This paper is referenced by INIST as such : |
| http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/2042/44672/1/02-2009-OsteomaID5427.pdf [ Bibliographic record ] |
| © Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology | indexed on : Sat Mar 9 12:39:18 CET 2013 |
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