Bladder: Squamous cell carcinoma

Classification

existence of different histologic types of bladder cancer: sqamous cell carcinoma, herein described transitional cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma, rare poorly differenciated carcinoma/small cell carcinoma, exceptional

Clinics and Pathology

Disease	cancer of the urothelium
Etiology	most often secondary to bilharzial infection (schistosoma haematobium), may be associated with other types of long term irritations: chronic infections, calculi, treatment with cyclophosphamid
Epidemiology	geographic areas of high incidence: represents 70 to 80% of the cases of badder cancer in the Middle East and in Africa, in particular in Egypt, were it is the most common adult cancer; only 5% in Europe and in the USA, where the transitional cell carcinoma represents 90-95 % of cases
Pathology	grading and staging: tumours are: graded by the degree of cellular atypia (G0->G3), and staged: pTIS carcinoma in situ (but high grade), and pTa papillary carcinoma, both mucosally confined; pT1 lamina propria invasive; pT2 infiltrates the superficial muscle, and pT3a, the deep mucle; pT3b invasion into perivesical fat; pT4 extends into neighbouring structures and organs
Prognosis	considered to have a poorer prognosis than the transitional cell carcinoma

Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics Morphological

highly complex karyotypes, yet poorly known allelic losses are frequent; the most frequent regions involved in loss of heterozygocity (LOH) are 3p, 8p, 9p, 9q, 17p; the karyotype is more complex in advanced grades/stages, as in transitional cell carcinoma Chromosome 7: trisomy 7 seems to be more frequent than in transitional cell carcinoma, and is found more often in advanced stages; unknown significance as +7 may also be found in normal tissues Chromosome 9: monosomy 9 is an early event and might even occur at dysplastic stages; allelic losses are frequent, mainly in 9p (65%), more often than for transitional cell carcinoma; LOH are found in particular in the locus where CDKN2/P16 sits; homozygous deletion of P16 is frequent (50%) and may also be found in squamous metaplasias from cancerous patients (but not in squamous metaplasias from non cancerous patients); trisomy 9, on the other hand, would be frequent in advance diseases Chromosome 17: P53 is often implicated, especially in high grades/stages; the profile of mutations of P53 is different from what is found in transitional cell carcinoma

Cytogenetics Molecular

comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and multi-FISH (M-FISH) are complementary tools to determine respectively unbalanced segments and structural rearrangements in these complex karyotypes

Genes involved and Proteins

Note	multistep process; largely unknown

Bibliography

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High frequency of chromosome 9p allelic loss and CDKN2 tumor suppressor gene alterations in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.

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REVIEW articles	automatic search in PubMed
Last year publications	automatic search in PubMed

Contributor(s)

Written	10-1999	Jean-Loup Huret and Claude Léonard

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Huret JL and Léonard C . Bladder: Squamous cell carcinoma. Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. October 1999 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Tumors/bladdersquamousID5062.html

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indexed on : Thu Apr 17 14:14:55 2008

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