HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)
1999-02-01 Franz Watzinger , Thomas Lion AffiliationChildrens Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Kinderspitalgasse 6, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
Identity
HGNC
LOCATION
11p15.5
IMAGE
LEGEND
Probe(s) - Courtesy Mariano Rocchi, Resources for Molecular Cytogenetics
LOCUSID
ALIAS
C-BAS/HAS,C-H-RAS,C-HA-RAS1,CTLO,H-RASIDX,HAMSV,HRAS1,RASH1,p21ras
FUSION GENES
DNA/RNA
H-ras splicing variants :
alternative splicing of H-ras precursor mRNA leads to the two transcripts p19 and p21 which differ by the ex- or inclusion of the Intron D Exon (IDX); Exons that encode protein are shown as black boxes, untranslated exons as white boxes; the upstream untranslated exon is indicated as Exon -1
Description
consists of six exons, spread over 6.6kb of genomic DNA
Transcription
alternative RNA splicing reveals two different transcripts (see Fig); if the Intron D Exon (IDX) is skipped exon 4 is directly joined to exon 3
Note
to be quoted is the existence of a pseudogene, c-Ha-ras 2, inactivated, processed pseudogene which is located on Chromosome X.
Proteins
Entity
p21H-ras
Description
regular RAS protein - characterized in the RAS family page
Expression
ubiquitously expressed
Localisation
anchored to the inner surface of the plasma membrane
Function
analogously to other GTP-binding proteins (such as Translation Elongation Factor EFTu or signal transducing G-Proteins) RAS proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways
Homology
ras gene family is part of the ras superfamily including the mammalian RAS, RAL, RAC, RHO, RAP, and RAB gene families and the yeast homologs like SEC4 and YPT1 genes; genes encode small monomeric proteins of low molecular mass (20-30 kDa) which share at least 30% homology with RAS proteins.
Implicated in
Entity name
tumor (frequency of H-RAS mutations); references in Full Bibliography
Entity name
stomach (0-40%)
Entity name
urinary bladder (0-65%)
Entity name
prostate (0-10%)
Entity name
skin (0-45%)
Entity name
thyroid (0-60%)
Entity name
breast (0-10%)
Entity name
head and neck (0-30%)
Entity name
endometrium (5%)
Article Bibliography
| Pubmed ID | Last Year | Title | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2114981 | 1990 | ras oncogenes: their role in neoplasia. | Barbacid M et al |
| 2547513 | 1989 | ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. | Bos JL et al |
| 9724079 | 1998 | Variability of Ha-ras (codon 12) proto-oncogene mutations in diverse thyroid cancers. | Bouras M et al |
| 8096149 | 1993 | Codon 12 Harvey-ras mutations are rare events in non-melanoma human skin cancer. | Campbell C et al |
| 8919545 | 1996 | Ras oncogene mutations in thyroid tumors: polymerase chain reaction-restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis from paraffin-embedded tissues. | Capella G et al |
| 2208148 | 1990 | ras gene mutations in human prostate cancer. | Carter BS et al |
| 8353052 | 1993 | The absence of Harvey ras mutations during development and progression of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. | Clark LJ et al |
| 2667764 | 1989 | Expression of the H-ras proto-oncogene is controlled by alternative splicing. | Cohen JB et al |
| 1671796 | 1991 | Correlation of mutations of oncogene C-Ha-ras at codon 12 with metastasis and survival of gastric cancer patients. | Deng GR et al |
| 3600795 | 1987 | A new oncogene in human thyroid papillary carcinomas and their lymph-nodal metastases. | Fusco A et al |
| 1998954 | 1991 | Activated ras alleles in human carcinoma of the prostate are rare. | Gumerlock PH et al |
| 9048488 | 1996 | A PCR-RFLP method for the detection of activated H-ras oncogene with a point mutation at codon 12 and 61. | Hong SJ et al |
| 9261359 | 1997 | A splicing enhancer in the 3'-terminal c-H-ras exon influences mRNA abundance and transforming activity. | Hwang DY et al |
| 7599040 | 1995 | Mutations, expression and genomic instability of the H-ras proto-oncogene in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. | Kiaris H et al |
| 9137494 | 1997 | Mutation of ras oncogene in gastric adenocarcinoma: association with histological phenotype. | Kim TY et al |
| 9018336 | 1997 | Comparison of ras activation in prostate carcinoma in Japanese and American men. | Konishi N et al |
| 6089200 | 1984 | A position 12-activated H-ras oncogene in all HS578T mammary carcinosarcoma cells but not normal mammary cells of the same patient. | Kraus MH et al |
| 2648253 | 1989 | High frequency of ras oncogene activation in all stages of human thyroid tumorigenesis. | Lemoine NR et al |
| 4084726 | 1985 | Oncogenes and bladder cancer. | Malone PR et al |
| 1421167 | 1992 | ras activation in experimental carcinogenesis. | Mangues R et al |
| 2049776 | 1991 | K-ras activation in gastric epithelial tumors in Japanese. | Miki H et al |
| 2179035 | 1990 | Infrequent point mutations of ras oncogenes in gastric cancers. | Nanus DM et al |
| 3307760 | 1987 | Human cancer and cellular oncogenes. | Nishimura S et al |
| 9703927 | 1998 | Low-frequency mutation of Ha-ras and Ki-ras oncogenes in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. | Olderøy G et al |
| 2183872 | 1990 | Low incidence of ras oncogene activation in human squamous cell carcinomas. | Rumsby G et al |
| 9179693 | 1997 | Screening of H-ras gene point mutations in 50 cases of bladder carcinoma. | Saito S et al |
| 2021541 | 1991 | High frequency mutation in codons 12 and 61 of H-ras oncogene in chewing tobacco-related human oral carcinoma in India. | Saranath D et al |
| 9713462 | 1998 | Mutations of ras genes are relatively frequent in Japanese prostate cancers: pointing to genetic differences between populations. | Shiraishi T et al |
| 3435051 | 1987 | Oncogene activation in malignant transformation: a study of H-ras in human breast cancer. | Spandidos DA et al |
| 3283656 | 1988 | Detection of activated ras oncogenes in human thyroid carcinomas. | Suárez HG et al |
| 1501884 | 1992 | Mapping of UV photoproducts within ras proto-oncogenes in UV-irradiated cells: correlation with mutations in human skin cancer. | Törmänen VT et al |
| 8960147 | 1996 | ras gene mutations in human endometrial carcinoma. | Varras MN et al |
| 2199031 | 1990 | No evidence for point mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61 of the ras gene in a high-incidence area for esophageal and gastric cancers. | Victor T et al |
| 3144694 | 1988 | Preferential and novel activation of H-ras in human bladder carcinomas. | Visvanathan KV et al |
Other Information
Locus ID:
NCBI: 3265
MIM: 190020
HGNC: 5173
Ensembl: ENSG00000174775
Variants:
dbSNP: 3265
ClinVar: 3265
TCGA: ENSG00000174775
COSMIC: HRAS
RNA/Proteins
Expression (GTEx)
Pathways
Protein levels (Protein atlas)
PharmGKB
| Entity ID | Name | Type | Evidence | Association | PK | PD | PMIDs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PA165946873 | vemurafenib | Chemical | LabelAnnotation | associated | |||
| PA166114911 | dabrafenib | Chemical | LabelAnnotation | associated | |||
| PA166115364 | trametinib | Chemical | LabelAnnotation | associated | |||
| PA24928 | ARAF | Gene | Pathway | associated | |||
| PA25408 | BRAF | Gene | Pathway | associated | 28362716 | ||
| PA26880 | CRK | Gene | Pathway | associated | 20124951 | ||
| PA28127 | FGFR1 | Gene | Pathway | associated | 28362716 | ||
| PA28180 | FLT1 | Gene | Pathway | associated | 28362716 | ||
| PA28181 | FLT3 | Gene | Pathway | associated | 28362716 | ||
| PA28183 | FLT4 | Gene | Pathway | associated | 28362716 | ||
| PA30086 | KDR | Gene | Pathway | associated | 28362716 | ||
| PA30128 | KIT | Gene | Pathway | associated | 28362716 | ||
| PA30592 | MAP3K1 | Gene | Pathway | associated | |||
| PA33148 | PDGFRB | Gene | Pathway | associated | 28362716 | ||
| PA34183 | RAF1 | Gene | Pathway | associated | 20124951, 28362716 | ||
| PA34335 | RET | Gene | Pathway | associated | 28362716 | ||
| PA446108 | Colorectal Neoplasms | Disease | MultilinkAnnotation | associated | 26237292 | ||
| PA7360 | EGFR | Gene | Pathway | associated |
References
| Pubmed ID | Year | Title | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|
| 38502412 | 2024 | Unraveling the Genetic Web: H-Ras Expression and Mutation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Systematic Review. | 0 |
| 38757223 | 2024 | Overexpression of wild-type HRAS drives non-alcoholic steatohepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. | 0 |
| 38502412 | 2024 | Unraveling the Genetic Web: H-Ras Expression and Mutation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Systematic Review. | 0 |
| 38757223 | 2024 | Overexpression of wild-type HRAS drives non-alcoholic steatohepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. | 0 |
| 35981076 | 2023 | Cutaneous manifestations in Costello syndrome: HRAS p.Gly12Ser affects RIN1-mediated integrin trafficking in immortalized epidermal keratinocytes. | 1 |
| 36480093 | 2023 | A Subset of Salivary Intercalated Duct Lesions Harbors Recurrent CTNNB1 and HRAS Mutations: A Molecular Link to Basal Cell Adenoma and Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma? | 1 |
| 36753744 | 2023 | Mutated HRAS Activates YAP1-AXL Signaling to Drive Metastasis of Head and Neck Cancer. | 3 |
| 36995904 | 2023 | Crystal Structure of an i-Motif from the HRAS Oncogene Promoter. | 1 |
| 37013448 | 2023 | RAS gene mutations and histomorphometric measurements in oral squamous cell carcinoma. | 0 |
| 37192201 | 2023 | Cytosolic EpCAM cooperates with H-Ras to regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition through ZEB1. | 0 |
| 37194190 | 2023 | A very mild phenotype in six individuals of a three-generation family with the novel HRAS variant c.176C > G p.(Ala59Gly): Emergence of a new HRAS-related RASopathy distinct from Costello syndrome. | 0 |
| 37665491 | 2023 | Mutant HRas Signaling and Rationale for Use of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. | 2 |
| 37820992 | 2023 | ITPR1-AS1 promotes small cell lung cancer metastasis by facilitating P21(HRAS) splicing and stabilizing DDX3X to activate the cRaf-MEK-ERK cascade. | 0 |
| 35981076 | 2023 | Cutaneous manifestations in Costello syndrome: HRAS p.Gly12Ser affects RIN1-mediated integrin trafficking in immortalized epidermal keratinocytes. | 1 |
| 36480093 | 2023 | A Subset of Salivary Intercalated Duct Lesions Harbors Recurrent CTNNB1 and HRAS Mutations: A Molecular Link to Basal Cell Adenoma and Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma? | 1 |
Citation
Franz Watzinger ; Thomas Lion
HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)
Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 1999-02-01
Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/108
