i(17q) solely in myeloid malignancies

2012-02-01   Vladimir Lj Lazarevic  

1.Department of Hematology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden

Clinics and Pathology

Disease

Myeloproliferative neoplasm/myelodysplastic syndrome (MPN/MDS)

Phenotype stem cell origin

Previous studies on isolated i(17q) have suggested this aberration was associated with chronic myeloid abnormalities with a high rate of progression to AML; a new clinico-pathological entity in which i(17q) is the sole abnormality has been reported in a mixed myeloproliferative disorder / myelodysplastic syndrome with an aggressive course.

Etiology

i(17q) as sole cytogenetic aberration represents only 1% of cases in myeloid malignancies.

Clinics

Isolated isochromosome 17q cases can be divided into 2 distinct subgroups based on the presentation: de novo AML and MDS/MPN. All de novo AML fit into the WHO classification of AML with myelodysplasia-related changes (with the exception of 1 mixed phenotype acute leukemia), and showed features of both myelodysplasia (pseudo-Pelger-Huet-like neutrophils, micromegakaryocytes) and myeloproliferation (splenomegaly, hypercellularity, reticulin fibrosis, osteosclerosis).

Cytology

A severe hyposegmentation of neutrophil nuclei (pseudo-Pelger Huet neutrophils (PHH)) and a prominence of the monocyte/macrophage lineage has been noted; other studies have identified an association between hyposegmented neutrophils and loss of 17p (called 17p- syndrome), always included in complex karyotypes; the i(17q) appeared to be a part of the malignant clone as demonstrated in cases available for a FISH analysis: all myeloid cell lines observed contained the abnormal i(17q), whereas none of the lymphocytes were affected. Morphologically, all showed myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative features, including pseudo-Pelger-Huet-like neutrophils, micromegakaryocytic hyperplasia, hypercellularity, fibrosis, and osteosclerosis.

Pathology

We recommend that for cases with morphologic features suggestive of isochromosome 17q, such as pseudo-Pelger-Huet-like neutrophils or micromegakaryocytes, a complete workup with ancillary studies should be performed to explore features of both myelodysplasia and myeloproliferation to better classify the disease process, including stains for reticulum and collagen, immunostains using CD61 to reveal micromegakaryocytes, CD34 and CD117 to quantify the blasts on the core biopsy, iron stain to assess storage iron and ring sideroblasts, butyrate esterase stain to quantify monocytes, and myeloperoxidase stain to determine percentage and lineage of the blasts, as well as flow cytometry immunophenotyping of the blasts, cytogenetic analysis for the detection of isochromosome 17q, and mutational studies of common molecular markers seen in myeloid neoplasms. Review of the peripheral blood smear and clinical records with special attention to the presence of splenomegaly may also be helpful.
Atlas Image
Kaplan-Meier curve of overall survival (OS) of patients with myeloid neoplasms and isolated isochromosome 17q is shown. The median OS of de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) was 14,5 months and 11,0 months, respectively.

Evolution

Mutational analyses showed rare mutations in NRAS (3 of 10), FLT3 (2 of 16), and JAK2 (1 of 18), and no mutations in NPM1 (0 of 15), KIT (0 of 4), and CEBPA (0 of 4). Mutations of JAK2, FLT3, RAS, NPM1, KIT, and CEBPA are rare and appear to not play a critical role in the pathogenesis of isochromosome 17q leukemia.

Prognosis

Log-rank test, and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to evaluate prognostic values of patients characteristics, including age >65 years, sex, leukocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, absolute monocytosis, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, elevated β2-microglobulin, splenomegaly, megakaryocytic hyperplasia, dysgranulocytes, dyserythrocytes, dysmegakaryocytes, increased blasts, bone thickness, cytogenetic evidence of clonal evolution, mutations of JAK2 V617F, FLT3, or NRAS, and stem cell transplantation. In the univariate analysis, log-rank test suggested that OS was significantly associated with stem cell transplantation and absolute monocytosis. Patients with stem cell transplantation had a longer survival (P = 0,042), and absolute monocytosis was associated with a shorter survival (P = 0,016).

Genes Involved and Proteins

Note
The underlying molecular defect that produces the isolated i(17q) is unknown: breakage of the proximal p arm (17p11.2) with rejoining of both centromere-containing chromatids and subsequent inactivation of one centromere; breakpoints could involve important genetic material whose disruption could result in oncogene or tumor suppression gene deregulation.
In understanding the specific i(17q) phenotype, loss of genes localized on 17p were suggested as p53 (17p13.1); a direct correlation between p53 loss and PHH neutrophils was found in a series of MDS and AML with 17p- syndrome. However, Fioretos et al. assessed TP53 mutations in 5 Philadelphia negative myeloid neoplasms with isolated isochromosome.
17q by sequencing, and found no mutation in all 5 cases. Similarly, none of the 14 cases assessed in another series of patients demonstrated TP53 mutation. These results suggest that there is no association between isochromosome 17q and TP53 mutations, and that another oncogene(s) at 17q and/or tumor suppressor gene(s) at 17p may play an important role in the pathogenesis of isochromosome 17q-associated myeloid neoplasms. The presence of a moderate apoptotic rate also suggests that the cytogenetically uninvolved TP53 allele is functional.

Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
23283181990Isochromosome 17q in Ph1-negative leukemia: a clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular study.Becher R et al
69508071982Abnormalities of chromosome No. 17 in myeloproliferative disorders.Borgström GH et al
103815171999Isochromosome 17q in blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and in other hematologic malignancies is the result of clustered breakpoints in 17p11 and is not associated with coding TP53 mutations.Fioretos T et al
88307281996Granulocytes with segmented nucleus retain normal chromosomes 17 in Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia with i(17q) and pseudo-Pelger anomaly. A case report studied with fluorescence in situ hybridization.Fugazza G et al
91306241997The 17p-syndrome: a distinct myelodysplastic syndrome entity?Jary L et al
220387012012Myeloid neoplasms with isolated isochromosome 17q represent a clinicopathologic entity associated with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative features, a high risk of leukemic transformation, and wild-type TP53.Kanagal-Shamanna R et al
78850351995Myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia with 17p deletion. An entity characterized by specific dysgranulopoïesis and a high incidence of P53 mutations.Lai JL et al
121654592002Refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts associated with i(17q) and mutation of the TP53 gene.Lazarević V et al
34618781986Dicentric chromosome 17 in patients with leukemia.Testa JR et al

Summary

Note

An isochromosome 17 results in a loss of the short arm (17p) and duplication of the long arm (17q) leading to a single copy of 17p and three copies of 17q.
An i(17q), usually observed in a complex karyotype, has been reported in solid tumors and in various types of hematological diseases: acute myeloid leukemias and chronic myeloid leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute lymphoid leukemias and chronic lymphoid leukemias, and Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
In chronic myeloid leukemia, i(17q) is a frequent and well known secondary anomaly, either solely in 10% of cases, or with other additional anomalies , in at least another 10% of cases, in particular with +8.
It is believed that i(17q) as a sole abnormality is a distinctive clinicopathological entity with a high risk to a leukemic progression; a subset may present as de novo AML. These neoplasms have distinctive morphologic features, including multilineage dysplasia and concurrent myeloproliferative features. Isochromosome 17q usually occurs at time of blast transformation and heralds an aggressive clinical course. In the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification system, myeloid neoplasms with isochromosome 17q are only briefly mentioned within the MDS/MPN category.
Atlas Image
i(17q)  Fluorescence in situ hybridization with whole chromosome 17 probe (Metasystems, Germany) showing 1 normal 17 and the i(17)(q10) chromosome- and insert: (17q) G- banding - Courtesy Adriana Zamecnikova. i(17q) G- banding (second chromosome row) - Courtesy Jean-Luc Lai (top) and Diane H. Norback, Eric B. Johnson, and Sara Morrison-Delap, UW Cytogenetic Services (middle and bottom); and R- banding (right) - top: Jean Loup Huret, bottom: Courtesy Jacques Boyer

Citation

Vladimir Lj Lazarevic

i(17q) solely in myeloid malignancies

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2012-02-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/1038/i(17q)-solely-in-myeloid-malignancies

Historical Card

2000-02-01 i(17q) solely in myeloid malignancies by  Chrystçle Bilhou-Nabera