t(X;11)(q26;q23)
ins(X;11)(q26;q23q23)

2012-01-01   Manuel R Teixeira  , Nuno Cerveira  

1.Department of Genetics, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Rua Dr Antonio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

Clinics and Pathology

Disease

Pediatric biphenotypic acute leukemia

Phenotype stem cell origin

Suggested involvement of a pluripotent stem cell.

Etiology

De novo acute leukemia.

Epidemiology

The only case described was a 6-year-old boy who was diagnosed as having biphenotypic phenotype (T/myeloid) acute leukemia (Cerveira et al., 2010). This is the first, and to our knowledge, the only case described in the literature of a rearrangement between the CT45A2 gene located on Xq26.3 and the MLL gene located in 11q23 (Cerveira et al., 2010).

Clinics

Fever, asthenia and cutaneous pallor. Peripheral blood analysis revealed anemia (Hb 6,3 g/dl) and bicytopenia. Bone marrow analysis revealed the presence of 51% of blasts with the immunophenotype CD3+, CD13+, CD33+, and CD117+. No blasts were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (Cerveira et al., 2010).

Cytogenetics

In the only case characterized the karyotype was complex showing a cryptic insertion of 11q23, where the MLL gene is located, in Xq22~25 (Cerveira et al., 2010). Based on the chromosome banding and FISH findings, the karyotype was described as 45,XY,add(14)(q24),add(17)(p13),-18[8].ish ins(X;11)(q22~25;q23q23)(MLL5+;MLL5-,MLL3+), add(14)(IGH-),der(17)(17qter-->17p13::?::18q21-->18q21::?)(BCL2+)/46,XY[12].

Prognosis

The patient was treated according to the ELAM 02 protocol (aracytine, mitoxantrone and methotrexate) and entered complete remission after induction chemotherapy. Seven months later he was submitted to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with umbilical cord hematopoietic progenitors but, after one year, the patient showed evidence of relapse. Treatment with the AML relapse protocol was started, but only partial remission was achieved four months later. The patient underwent a haploidentical transplant with his mothers peripheral blood cell progenitors, but the disease relapsed again and the patient died nine months later. In conclusion, the prognosis seems to be rather poor, but additional cases are needed to support this hypothesis.

Genes Involved and Proteins

Gene name
KMT2A (myeloid/lymphoid or mixed lineage leukemia)
Location
11q23.3
Dna rna description
The mixed lineage leukemia protein-1 gene (MLL) is the mammalian homolog of Drosophila trithorax (trx), the founding member of the trithorax group proteins (Cerveira et al., 2011). The MLL gene is approximately 89 kb long and consists of 37 exons.
Protein description
MLL encodes a 3969 amino acid histone methyltransferase that has been reported to assemble a supercomplex of proteins of varied function involved in transcriptional regulation (Cerveira et al., 2011). Current evidence suggests that MLL binds DNA in a non-sequence-specific manner, and is a major regulator of class I homeobox (HOX) gene expression. HOX genes are transcription factors involved in the specification of cell fate during development, playing a key role in the regulation of hematopoietic development (Cerveira et al., 2011).
Gene name
CT45A2 (cancer/testis antigen family 45 member A2)
Location
Xq26.3
Dna rna description
The CT45A2 gene is a member of the Cancer/Testis (CT) gene family cluster localized at Xq26.3 and consists of 5 exons (Chen et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2009). The CT45 gene family comprises six members (CT45A1 to CT45A6) located in Xq26.3 that are near-identical gene copies, suggesting the occurrence of recent gene duplications (Chen et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2009).
Protein description
CT genes encode a heterogeneous group of immunogenic proteins (CT antigens) that were initially identified as immunogenic tumor antigens and whose expression is almost restricted to the normal testis and a percentage of various tumor types, including melanoma and carcinomas of the bladder, lung and liver (Chen et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2009). The combination of restricted normal tissue expression, spontaneous immunogenicity and frequent tumor expression has made these antigens attractive targets for cancer vaccines. The function of CT proteins function remains to be elucidated (Chen et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2009).

Result of the Chromosomal Anomaly

Atlas Image
Schematic representation of MLL-CT45A2 genomic breakpoints, as a result of a cryptic insertion of 11q23 in Xq26.3, leading to the fusion of MLL exon 9 to the entire open reading frame of the CT45A2.

Description

5 MLL - 3 CT45A2
The in-frame fusion is predicted to give rise to a chimeric protein where the N-terminus of MLL is fused to the entire open reading frame of CT45A2 (Cerveira et al., 2010). The putative MLL-CT45A2 fusion protein of 1514 amino acids contains 1325 amino acids from the N-terminal portion of MLL and 189 amino acids deriving from the CT45A2 protein (Cerveira et al., 2010).

Transcript

5-MLL/CT45A2-3 chimeric transcript.
The MLL exon 9 is fused in-frame with nucleotide 240 of the CT45A2 transcript. This fusion transcript contains 6 bp from the 5-UTR of CT45A2 exon 2 coding for two additional amino acids (Cerveira et al., 2010). This type of fusion is known as a spliced fusion since the chimeric MLL-CT45A2 is only generated at the RNA level and can occur either by transcriptional read-through followed by a subsequent splice event or by trans-splicing. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, the chimeric MLL-CT45A2 fusion is only produced at the RNA level (Cerveira et al., 2010).
Atlas Image
Schematic representation of MLL-CT45A2 fusion protein.

Expression localisation

MLL fusion genes codes for chimeric proteins that reside in the nucleus (Marschalek, 2011).

Oncogenesis

Deregulation of MLL protein activity result in abnormal patterns of target genes expression, including genes from the HOX family (Cerveira et al., 2011; Marschalek, 2011). HOX genes are normally expressed in lineage- and stage-specific combinations during hematopoiesis; however, cell commitment to myeloid or erythroid lineages is accompanied by global downregulation of HOX gene expression (Cerveira et al., 2011; Marschalek, 2011). A failure to downregulate HOX expression can inhibit hematopoietic maturation and lead to leukemia. However, it seems that the leukemia phenotype also depends on the fusion partner, indicating that, at least for some fusion partners, the gene involved is critical for leukemogenesis. A consequence of this fusion is that the expression of the CT45A2 protein, usually restricted to testicular tissue, is activated. The phenotypic consequences of CT45A2 expression in the leukemia cells of leukemia patients are currently unknown (Cerveira et al., 2010).

Article Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
217147662011MLL-SEPTIN gene fusions in hematological malignancies.Cerveira N et al
192965372009Cancer/testis antigen CT45: analysis of mRNA and protein expression in human cancer.Chen YT et al
159053302005Identification of cancer/testis-antigen genes by massively parallel signature sequencing.Chen YT et al
211181952011Mechanisms of leukemogenesis by MLL fusion proteins.Marschalek R et al

Citation

Manuel R Teixeira ; Nuno Cerveira

t(X;11)(q26;q23)
ins(X;11)(q26;q23q23)

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2012-01-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/1589/t(x;11)(q26;q23)