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PPP1R1B (protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 1B (dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein, DARPP-32))

Identity

Other namesDARPP-32
DARPP32
FLJ20940
t-DARPP
HGNC (Hugo) PPP1R1B
LocusID (NCBI) 84152
Location 17q12
Location_base_pair Starts at 37784751 and ends at 37792878 bp from pter ( according to hg19-Feb_2009)  [Mapping]
 
  Genomic localization of DARPP-32, with FISH using BAC clone CTD-2019C10 (Research Genetics) that contains DARPP-32, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on a normal metaphase spread. Arrows indicate the green FITC hybridization signals. The ideogram of chromosome 17 together with the inverted DAPI banding and FISH hybridization signals on the two chromosome 17. The FISH signals localize to chromosome band 17q12-q21.

DNA/RNA

 
  This schematic illustration shows the genomic structure of DARPP-32 and its transcriptional splice variant that encodes a truncated DARPP-32 protein (t-DARPP). The sequence length of the mRNA of DARPP-32 is 1,841 bp, including the untranslated 3' and 5' ends. The length of the transcriptional splice variant of DARPP-32 that encodes a truncated DARPP-32 protein (t-DARPP) is 1,502 bp. DARPP-32 and t-DARPP share an identical sequence from exon 2 to the 3' end. Each of them has seven exons. Each of DARPP-32 and t-DARPP transcripts has its own unique exon 1, where exon1 in DARPP-32 includes 548 bp whereas exon1 in t-DARPP consists of unique 207 bp that does not match with exon1 of DARPP-32.
Description DARPP-32 gene is located at 17q12. Both full length DARPP-32 and its transcriptional splice variant (t-DARPP) consist of seven exons where only exon 1 is unique in each of the two transcripts.
Transcription 2 alternative transcripts
Pseudogene Unknown

Protein

Description DARPP-32 encodes a protein of 204 amino acids (about 32 kD), whereas t-DARPP encodes a 168 amino acid protein (about 28 kD). DARPP-32 contains four phosphorylation sites at Thr34, Thr75, Ser102, and Ser137, whereas t-DARPP lacks the Thr34 phosphorylation site of DARPP-32. The schematic illustration, shown above, demonstrates the phosphorylation sites of DARPP-32 and t-DARPP shown in yellow color.
Expression DARPP-32 protein is highly expressed in medium-sized spiny neurons of the neostriatum. DARPP-32 was characterized as a major target for dopamine and protein kinase A signaling. Modulation of DARPP-32 phosphorylation state provides a molecular mechanism for integrating signals through several neurotransmitters and steroid hormones that stimulate dopaminoceptic neurons in various regions of the brain. Activation of PKA or PKG leads to phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr34 and subsequently converts DARPP-32 into a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). Cdk5 can also phosphorylate DARPP-32 at Thr75 and this converts DARPP-32 into a PKA inhibitor. Expression of t-DARPP in the brain was not reported.
Protein and mRNA expression of both DARPP-32 and t-DARPP are expressed at varying levels in several types of normal epithelial tissues outside the brain. DARPP-32 and t-DARPP are over-expressed in carcinomas of the breast, prostate, colon, and stomach compared with normal tissue samples. The observation that DARPP-32 and t-DARPP are frequently over-expressed in common subtypes of human cancers suggests that these proteins may play a role in tumorigenesis. The expression of t-DARPP has been shown to increase the AKT kinase activity and regulate the levels of BCL2 in cancer cells. This effect is believed to mediate resistance to drug-induced apoptosis.
Localisation Cytosolic
Homology Unknown

Mutations

Note Unknown

Implicated in

Entity Dopaminergic disorders
Disease DARPP-32 plays a key role in cognitive function, and multiple brain functions. DARPP-32 is a key mediator of the biochemical, electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral effects of dopamine. In this respect, DARPP-32 plays a critical role in dopaminoceptive neurons in the neostriatum (and likely in other brain regions) in signal transduction pathways regulated by a variety of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuropeptides. Abnormal signaling through DARPP-32 has been implicated in several major neurologic and psychiatric disorders. DARPP-32 may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and plays a role in mediating the actions of a broad range of drugs of abuse.
  
Entity Cancers
Oncogenesis Over-expression of DARPP-32 and t-DARPP are associated with gastric cancer, and confer a potent anti-apoptotic function in cancer cells through a p53-independent mechanism that involves preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased Bcl2 expression levels. t-DARPP transcriptionally up-regulates Bcl2 by an Akt-dependent mechanism through activation of CREB/ATF-1 transcription factors in gastric cancer. DARPP-32 is frequently over-expressed in multiple human adenocarcinomas suggesting that DARPP-32 proteins may be important in tumorigenesis. Decreased expression of DARPP-32, however, in oral premalignant and malignant lesions was observed, and thereby suggested that DARPP-32 may be a tumor suppressor in this particular malignancy. In addition, phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr34 or Thr75 appears to regulate breast cancer cell migration downstream of the receptor tyrosine kinase DDR1.
  

External links

Nomenclature
HGNC (Hugo)PPP1R1B   9287
Entrez_Gene (NCBI)PPP1R1B  84152  protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 1B
Cards
AtlasPPP1R1BID44096ch17q12
GeneCards (Weizmann)PPP1R1B
Ensembl (Hinxton)ENSG00000131771 [Gene_View]  chr17:37784751-37792878 [Contig_View]  PPP1R1B [Vega]
AceView (NCBI)PPP1R1B
Genatlas (Paris)PPP1R1B
SOURCE (Stanford)NM_001242464 NM_032192 NM_181505
Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath (UCSC)PPP1R1B  -  17q12   chr17:37784751-37792878 +  17q12   [Description]    (hg19-Feb_2009)
EnsemblPPP1R1B - 17q12 [CytoView]
Mapping of homologs : NCBIPPP1R1B [Mapview]
OMIM604399   
Gene and transcription
Genbank (Entrez)AF233349 AF435972 AF435973 AF435974 AF464196
RefSeq transcript (SRS)NM_001242464 NM_032192 NM_181505
RefSeq transcript (Entrez)NM_001242464 NM_032192 NM_181505
RefSeq genomic (SRS)AC_000149 NC_000017 NC_018928 NG_030330 NT_010783 NW_001838435 NW_004078092
RefSeq genomic (Entrez)AC_000149 NC_000017 NC_018928 NG_030330 NT_010783 NW_001838435 NW_004078092
Consensus coding sequences : CCDS (NCBI)PPP1R1B
Cluster EST : UnigeneHs.286192 [ SRS ] Hs.286192 [ NCBI ]
CGAP (NCI)Hs.286192
Alternative Splicing : Fast-db (Paris)GSHG0012458
Alternative Splicing GalleryENSG00000131771
Gene ExpressionPPP1R1B [ NCBI-GEO ]   PPP1R1B [ EBI - ARRAY_EXPRESS ]
Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
UniProt/SwissProtQ9UD71 (SRS) Q9UD71 (Uniprot)
NextProtQ9UD71
With graphics : InterProQ9UD71
Splice isoforms : SwissVarQ9UD71(Swissvar)
Domains : Interpro (SRS)Dopamine/cAMP_neuron_P-prot    PPI_1DARPP-32   
Domains : Interpro (EBI)Dopamine/cAMP_neuron_P-prot    PPI_1DARPP-32   
Related proteins : CluSTrQ9UD71
Domain families : Pfam (SRS)DARPP-32 (PF05395)   
Domain families : Pfam (Sanger)DARPP-32 (PF05395)   
Domain families : Pfam (NCBI)pfam05395   
DMDM84152
Blocks (Seattle)Q9UD71
Human Protein AtlasENSG00000131771
HPRD05097
IPIIPI00003363   IPI00220698   IPI00795211   
Protein Interaction databases
DIP (DOE-UCLA)Q9UD71
IntAct (EBI)Q9UD71
FunCoupENSG00000131771
REACTOMEPPP1R1B
Protein Interaction Database84152
BioGRIDPPP1R1B
InParanoidQ9UD71
Interologous Interaction database Q9UD71
IntegromeDBPPP1R1B
Polymorphism : SNP, mutations, diseases
SNP Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (NCBI)PPP1R1B
SNP (GeneSNP Utah)PPP1R1B
SNP : HGBasePPP1R1B
Genetic variants : HAPMAPPPP1R1B
Somatic Mutations in Cancer : COSMICPPP1R1B 
CONAN: Copy Number AnalysisPPP1R1B 
Mutations and Diseases : HGMDPPP1R1B
OMIM604399   
GENETests604399   
Disease Genetic AssociationPPP1R1B
Huge Navigator PPP1R1B [HugePedia]  PPP1R1B [HugeCancerGEM]
Genomic VariantsPPP1R1B  PPP1R1B [DGVbeta]
snp3D : Map Gene to Disease84152
General knowledge
Homologs : HomoloGenePPP1R1B
Homology/Alignments : Family Browser (UCSC)PPP1R1B
Phylogenetic Trees/Animal Genes : TreeFamPPP1R1B
Chemical/Protein Interactions : CTD84152
Chemical/Pharm GKB GenePA33639
Clinical trialPPP1R1B
Cancer Resource (Charite)ENSG00000131771
Ontology : AmiGOprotein kinase inhibitor activity  protein phosphatase inhibitor activity  cytoplasm  cytosol  negative regulation of protein kinase activity  signal transduction  protein phosphatase type 1 regulator activity  
Ontology : EGO-EBIprotein kinase inhibitor activity  protein phosphatase inhibitor activity  cytoplasm  cytosol  negative regulation of protein kinase activity  signal transduction  protein phosphatase type 1 regulator activity  
Pathways : BIOCARTAFOSB gene expression and drug abuse [Genes]    Regulation of ck1/cdk5 by type 1 glutamate receptors [Genes]   
Other databases
Probes
Litterature
PubMed74 Pubmed reference(s) in Entrez
PubGenePPP1R1B
iHOPPPP1R1B

Bibliography

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DARPP-32: regulator of the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission.
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Phosphorylation of DARPP-32 by Cdk5 modulates dopamine signalling in neurons.
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Greengard P, Allen PB, Nairn AC
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PMID 10433257
 
Functional dopamine-1 receptors and DARPP-32 are expressed in human ovary and granulosa luteal cells in vitro.
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The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1999 ; 84 (1) : 257-264.
PMID 9920093
 
Requirement for DARPP-32 in progesterone-facilitated sexual receptivity in female rats and mice.
Mani SK, Fienberg AA, O'Callaghan JP, Snyder GL, Allen PB, Dash PK, Moore AN, Mitchell AJ, Bibb J, Greengard P, O'Malley BW
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2000 ; 287 (5455) : 1053-1056.
PMID 10669419
 
Gastric cancers overexpress DARPP-32 and a novel isoform, t-DARPP.
El-Rifai W, Smith MF Jr, Li G, Beckler A, Carl VS, Montgomery E, Knuutila S, Moskaluk CA, Frierson HF Jr, Powell SM
Cancer research. 2002 ; 62 (14) : 4061-4064.
PMID 12124342
 
Involvement of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the stimulant action of caffeine.
Lindskog M, Svenningsson P, Pozzi L, Kim Y, Fienberg AA, Bibb JA, Fredholm BB, Nairn AC, Greengard P, Fisone G
Nature. 2002 ; 418 (6899) : 774-778.
PMID 12181566
 
Overexpression of the 32-kilodalton dopamine and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein in common adenocarcinomas.
Beckler A, Moskaluk CA, Zaika A, Hampton GM, Powell SM, Frierson HF Jr, El-Rifai W
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PMID 14508844
 
The role of DARPP-32 in the actions of drugs of abuse.
Nairn AC, Svenningsson P, Nishi A, Fisone G, Girault JA, Greengard P
Neuropharmacology. 2004 ; 47 Suppl 1 : 14-23.
PMID 15464122
 
Darpp-32: a novel antiapoptotic gene in upper gastrointestinal carcinomas.
Belkhiri A, Zaika A, Pidkovka N, Knuutila S, Moskaluk C, El-Rifai W
Cancer research. 2005 ; 65 (15) : 6583-6592.
PMID 16061638
 
DARPP-32 (dopamine and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein) is essential for the maintenance of thyroid differentiation.
Garcˆ‚a-Jimˆ©nez C, Zaballos MA, Santisteban P
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PMID 16020482
 
Overexpression of DARPP-32 in colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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PMID 15707466
 
Genetic evidence implicating DARPP-32 in human frontostriatal structure, function, and cognition.
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PMID 17290303
 
t-Darpp promotes cancer cell survival by up-regulation of Bcl2 through Akt-dependent mechanism.
Belkhiri A, Dar AA, Zaika A, Kelley M, El-Rifai W
Cancer research. 2008 ; 68 (2) : 395-403.
PMID 18199533
 
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Contributor(s)

Written12-2007Wael El-Rifai, Abbes Belkhiri
Department of Surgery, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :
El-Rifai W, Belkhiri A . PPP1R1B (protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 1B (dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein, DARPP-32)). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. December 2007 .
URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/PPP1R1BID44096ch17q12.html

This paper is referenced by INIST as such :
http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/2042/38556/1/12-2007-PPP1R1BID44096ch17q12.pdf   [ Bibliographic record ]

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