SATB1 (SATB homeobox 1)

Alias_names	special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (binds to nuclear matrix/scaffold-associating DNA)
Other alias
HGNC (Hugo)	SATB1
LocusID (NCBI)	6304
Atlas_Id	44225
Location	3p24.3  [Link to chromosome band 3p24]
Location_base_pair	Starts at 18345388 and ends at 18438773 bp from pter ( according to hg19-Feb_2009)  [Mapping SATB1.png]

Description	SATB1 is a 763 amino acid protein (~86 kDa molecular weight, migrates as 103kDa on SDS gels) containing six described domains: nuclear localization signal (NLS), PDZ, BUR-binding domain, two Cut repeats (CUT1 and CUT2), and homeodomain (HD). The PDZ domain is a protein-protein interaction module found mostly in signaling proteins. The BUR (Base Unpairing Region) domain is the module responsible for specific recognition of the BURs as opposed to any AT-rich sequence motif. The CUT domain is a DNA-binding motif. The BUR-binding domain includes CUT1 and part of the CUT2 domain. Homeodomains are DNA-binding motifs typically found in transcription factors. Together with the BUR domain and the HD domain, SATB1 confers specific binding with high affinity to the core unwinding elements of BURs. SATB1 is highly conserved between vertebrates.
Expression	SATB1 mRNA is expressed abundantly in thymocytes. It is also detected in multiple other progenitor cells and brain neurons.
Localisation	Nuclear.
Function	SATB1 was identified by virtue of its high affinity and specificity to a DNA probe containing a nucleation site for base-unpairing, a phenomena whereby these sites become continuously unpaired under negative helical strain. Evidence suggests these base unpairing regions (BURs) mark the genome as essential components of chromosomes for tissue-specific gene expression and chromatin accessibility. SATB1 localization is nuclear exhibiting a cage- or honeycomb-like network distribution in thymocytes that is partially resistant to high-salt extraction and is excluded from the heterochromatin compartment. SATB1 tethers its target genes onto the SATB1 network via BURs which reside within the gene loci, and assembles them with chromatin remodeling and histone modification enzymes which SATB1 recruits. In this manner, SATB1 establishes a region-specific epigenetic status and proper nucleosomal positioning at the SATB1 target gene loci. SATB1 is essential for T-cell activation by controlling chromatin looping events, thus bringing remote cytokine genes together for simultaneous induction of these genes. SATB1 has been reported to interact with: CtBP1, SUMO-1, PIAS, Ubc9, PML, HDAC1, p300, RPB11, SNF2H (ISWI), Mi-2, MTA-2, and ACF1.
Homology	SATB1 has 59.5% identity to SATB2 (mouse protein sequence; 46.6% for the human protein sequence).

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