S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B)
2007-05-01 M Rosario Fernandez-Fernandez , Alan R Fersht AffiliationCentre for Protein Engineering, Medical Research Council, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
Identity
HGNC
LOCATION
21q22.3
LOCUSID
ALIAS
NEF,S100,S100-B,S100beta
FUSION GENES
DNA/RNA
Description
The gene encompasses 17.3 Kb of DNA; 3 exons (the first one contains the 5 untranslated region).
Transcription
1135 b mRNA; 279 b coding sequence.
Proteins
Description
92 amino acids (including initial methionine that is generally processed in vivo);
10.5 kDa monomer (S100B can form homodimers and heterodimers with other proteins of the S100 family, described for S100A1).
10.5 kDa monomer (S100B can form homodimers and heterodimers with other proteins of the S100 family, described for S100A1).
Expression
S100B highest levels are found in brain. The protein is primarily found in astrocytes. Outside the central nervous system it can be found in chondrocytes and melanocytes.
Localisation
Nuclear and cytoplasmic. It has both intracellular and extracellular roles.
Function
The exact function of S100B is not fully understood. It inhibits microtubule assembly, has been involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and differentiation and is able to induce neurite extension. This latest effect seems to be dependent on the concentration of S100B and occurs at nanomolar concentrations.
But micromolar levels of extracellular S100B stimulate apoptosis in vitro. Calcium binding induces a conformational change in S100B that allows the interaction with a variety of target proteins. These include p53 tumour suppressor, the microtubule-associated protein tau, the cytoskeletal protein tubulin (and its prokaryotic ancestor FtsZ), the scaffold protein IQGAP1, the intermediate filament protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),the actin capping protein CapZ and the giant phosphoprotein AHNAK. Over-expression of S100B has been proposed to play a role in different neuro-pathologies.
But micromolar levels of extracellular S100B stimulate apoptosis in vitro. Calcium binding induces a conformational change in S100B that allows the interaction with a variety of target proteins. These include p53 tumour suppressor, the microtubule-associated protein tau, the cytoskeletal protein tubulin (and its prokaryotic ancestor FtsZ), the scaffold protein IQGAP1, the intermediate filament protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),the actin capping protein CapZ and the giant phosphoprotein AHNAK. Over-expression of S100B has been proposed to play a role in different neuro-pathologies.
Homology
S100B belongs to the S100 family of calcium binding proteins, a highly homologous family. These proteins contain two EF-hand calcium binding domains. The S100 genes are present exclusively in vertebrates.
Mutations
Note
Have not been reported.
Implicated in
Disease
Overexpression of S100B has been generally linked to neurodegeneration. It is over-expressed in the brain of patients suffering from Alzheimers disease, epilepsy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The gene coding for S100B maps in the Downs syndrome region of chromosome 21, and its over-expression, due to the trisomic state, may be responsible for the neurological disturbances in Downs syndrome.
Oncogenesis
S100B may be involved in the proliferation of melanoma cells. It has been shown to be elevated in primary malignant melanomas. However, S100B is used as a predictor of survival prognosis as elevated levels of S100B in serum are associated with the survival rate.
Article Bibliography
| Pubmed ID | Last Year | Title | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2964086 | 1988 | Gene encoding the beta subunit of S100 protein is on chromosome 21: implications for Down syndrome. | Allore R et al |
| 2604719 | 1989 | The Ca2+-binding sequence in bovine brain S100b protein beta-subunit. A spectroscopic study. | Baudier J et al |
| 1454855 | 1992 | Characterization of the tumor suppressor protein p53 as a protein kinase C substrate and a S100b-binding protein. | Baudier J et al |
| 6615778 | 1983 | Ions binding to S100 proteins: structural changes induced by calcium and zinc on S100a and S100b proteins. | Baudier J et al |
| 3111527 | 1987 | Comparison of S100b protein with calmodulin: interactions with melittin and microtubule-associated tau proteins and inhibition of phosphorylation of tau proteins by protein kinase C. | Baudier J et al |
| 10187847 | 1999 | Calcium-dependent interaction of S100B with the C-terminal domain of the tumor suppressor p53. | Delphin C et al |
| 8794737 | 1996 | Solution structure of rat apo-S100B(beta beta) as determined by NMR spectroscopy. | Drohat AC et al |
| 9485423 | 1998 | Solution structure of calcium-bound rat S100B(betabeta) as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, | Drohat AC et al |
| 15781852 | 2005 | Proteins of the S100 family regulate the oligomerization of p53 tumor suppressor. | Fernandez-Fernandez MR et al |
| 17362503 | 2007 | Expression of S100B during embryonic development of the mouse cerebellum. | Hachem S et al |
| 9429222 | 1997 | S100B protein, 5-S-cysteinyldopa and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid as biochemical markers for survival prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma. | Kärnell R et al |
| 9416599 | 1997 | Identification of the binding site on S100B protein for the actin capping protein CapZ. | Kilby PM et al |
| 15659225 | 2005 | S100B-induced microglial and neuronal IL-1 expression is mediated by cell type-specific transcription factors. | Liu L et al |
| 6947252 | 1981 | Calcium-dependent interaction of S100b, troponin C, and calmodulin with an immobilized phenothiazine. | Marshak DR et al |
| 9774336 | 1998 | Calcium regulation of Ndr protein kinase mediated by S100 calcium-binding proteins. | Millward TA et al |
| 11891290 | 2002 | Glial protein S100B modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity. | Nishiyama H et al |
| 16551628 | 2006 | Key role of Src kinase in S100B-induced activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in vascular smooth muscle cells. | Reddy MA et al |
| 8202493 | 1994 | Astrocytosis and axonal proliferation in the hippocampus of S100b transgenic mice. | Reeves RH et al |
| 10876243 | 2000 | Structure of the negative regulatory domain of p53 bound to S100B(betabeta). | Rustandi RR et al |
| 10490652 | 1999 | Concerted regulation of wild-type p53 nuclear accumulation and activation by S100B and calcium-dependent protein kinase C. | Scotto C et al |
| 9920418 | 1998 | Association of S100B with intermediate filaments and microtubules in glial cells. | Sorci G et al |
| 12832473 | 2003 | S100B inhibits myogenic differentiation and myotube formation in a RAGE-independent manner. | Sorci G et al |
| 17199889 | 2007 | Evidence for a wide extra-astrocytic distribution of S100B in human brain. | Steiner J et al |
Other Information
Locus ID:
NCBI: 6285
MIM: 176990
HGNC: 10500
Ensembl: ENSG00000160307
Variants:
dbSNP: 6285
ClinVar: 6285
TCGA: ENSG00000160307
COSMIC: S100B
RNA/Proteins
Expression (GTEx)
Pathways
Protein levels (Protein atlas)
References
| Pubmed ID | Year | Title | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|
| 38160207 | 2024 | Application value of serum S100B combined with glucose metabolism indexes in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes of patients with severe preeclampsia. | 0 |
| 38255850 | 2024 | The Multifaceted S100B Protein: A Role in Obesity and Diabetes? | 0 |
| 38485004 | 2024 | Serum S100B protein and white matter changes in schizophrenia before and after medication. | 0 |
| 38160207 | 2024 | Application value of serum S100B combined with glucose metabolism indexes in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes of patients with severe preeclampsia. | 0 |
| 38255850 | 2024 | The Multifaceted S100B Protein: A Role in Obesity and Diabetes? | 0 |
| 38485004 | 2024 | Serum S100B protein and white matter changes in schizophrenia before and after medication. | 0 |
| 36459237 | 2023 | Increased cerebrospinal fluid S100B protein levels in patients with trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. | 0 |
| 36621842 | 2023 | Tau liquid-liquid phase separation is modulated by the Ca(2+) -switched chaperone activity of the S100B protein. | 2 |
| 36747206 | 2023 | S100B predicts neurological injury and 30-day mortality following surgery for acute type A aortic dissection: an observational cohort study. | 0 |
| 36768287 | 2023 | Does the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Change in Regard to the Onset of Fetal Growth Restriction? | 1 |
| 36899866 | 2023 | CRISPR/dCas9-KRAB-Mediated Suppression of S100b Restores p53-Mediated Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells. | 0 |
| 37001377 | 2023 | S100B serum level: A relevant biomarker for the management of non-traumatic headaches in emergency care? | 1 |
| 37114960 | 2023 | 5-HT and S100β values in evaluating severity of cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury. | 1 |
| 37298554 | 2023 | The S100B Protein: A Multifaceted Pathogenic Factor More Than a Biomarker. | 9 |
| 37569519 | 2023 | The Role of Alarmins in Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis: HMGB1, S100B and IL-33. | 1 |
Citation
M Rosario Fernandez-Fernandez ; Alan R Fersht
S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B)
Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2007-05-01
Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/42195/s100b-(s100-calcium-binding-protein-b)
