The human BIN1 gene is encoded by at least 16 exons spanning at least 59258 bps at chromosome 2q14-2q21 (nucleotides 127522078-127581334). The murine Bin1 gene is similarly sized but localized to a syntenic locus on mouse chromosome 8 (Wechsler-Reya et al., 1997).

The Bin1 promoter is rich in CpG methylation residues and transcription of the gene produces more than 10 alternative transcripts that are from 2075 to 2637 bp mRNA in size: isoform 1 (2637 bp), isoform 2 (2508 bp), isoform 3 (2376 bp), isoform 4 (2333 bp), isoform 5 (2412 bp), isoform 6 (2289 bp), isoform 7 (2283 bp), isoform 8 (2210) bp, isoform 9 (2165bp), and isoform 10 (2075 bp). Isoforms 9 and 10 are ubiquitous in expression. Isoform 8 is expressed specifically in skeletal muscle. Isoforms 1-7 are expressed predominantly in the central nervous system. An aberrant isoform has been reported to be expressed specifically in tumor cells (Wechsler-Reya et al., 1997).

None reported.

Bin1 contains N-terminal BAR (Bin1/Amphihysin/Rvs) domain with predicted coiled-coil structure and a C-terminal SH3 domain (Sakamuro et al., 1996). Bin1 encodes proteins of 409 to 593 amino acids; isoform 1 (593 aa), isoform 2 (550 aa), isoform 3 (506 aa), isoform 4 (497 aa), isoform 5 (518 aa), isoform 6 (482 aa), isoform 7 (475 aa), isoform 8 (454 aa), isoform 9 (439 aa), and isoform 10 (409 aa). Isoform 10 is the smallest and isoform 1 is the largest in size. Also, Bin1 has predicted molecular weight of 45432 to 64568 Da; isoform 1 (64568 Da), isoform 2 (59806 Da), isoform 3 (55044 Da), isoform 4 (54817 Da), isoform 5 (56368 Da), isoform 6 (52889 Da), isoform 7 (51606 Da), isoform 8 (50054 Da), isoform 9 (48127 Da), and isoform 10 (45432 Da). Isoforms 9 and 10 are ubiquitous in expression. Isoform 8 is expressed specifically in skeletal muscle. Isoforms 1-7 are expressed predominantly in the central nervous system. These 10 different splice isoforms differ widely in subcellular localization, tissue distribution, and ascribed functions, with isoforms 1-7 predominantly cytosolic but isoforms 8-10 found in both the nucleus and/or cytosol of certain cell types (Sakamuro et al., 1996; Muller et al., 2003). Recent studies demonstrated that the coiled-coil BIN1 BAR peptide encodes a novel BIN1 MID domain, through which BIN1 acts as a MYC-independent cancer suppressor (Lundgaard et al., 2011).

Bin1 is widely expressed (Wechsler-Reya et al., 1997; Chapuis et al., 2013). Patterns of isoform expression are noted above in the diagram legend.

Bin1 is localized both in nuclear and cytosolic in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of brain. Bin1 is localized mainly in nuclear in bone marrow cells whereas it is localized mainly in cytosolic in peripheral lymphoid cells. Bin1 is nuclear or nucleocytosolic in basal cells of skin, breast, or prostate, whereas it is cytosolic or plasma membrane localized in gastrointestinal cells (DuHadaway et al., 2003). In cardiac muscles Bin1 generate T-tubules and also designates T-tubules as the appropriate site for delivery of L-type calcium channels (Hong et al., 2010).

Bin1 encodes members of the BAR (Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs) adapter family which have been implicated in membrane dynamics, such as vesicle fusion and trafficking, specialized membrane organization, actin organization, cell polarity, stress signaling, transcription, immunomodulation and tumor suppression. BAR adapter proteins are now recognized to be part of a larger superfamily of structurally related proteins that includes the so-called F-BAR and I-BAR adapter proteins (Ren et al., 2006; Prendergast et al., 2009).
Membrane binding and tubulation: The Bin1 BAR domain can mediate binding and tubulation of curved membranes (Lee et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2014). Crystal structures of the BAR domains from human BIN1 and its fruit fly homolog reveal a dimeric banana-shaped 6-alpha-helix bundle that can nestle against the charged head groups on a curved lipid bilayer. Structural studies implicate specific alpha-helices in tubulation activity. Biochemical analyses implicate Bin1 in vesicle fission and fusion processes, with the SH3 domain providing an essential contribution to these processes through the recruitment of dynamins (Ren et al., 2006).
Vesicle trafficking: Bin1 is implicated in endocytosis and intracellular endosome traffic through interactions with Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rab GEFs) and the sorting nexin protein Snx4. Complexes of neuronal Amph-I with neuron-specific isoforms of Bin1 (Amph-II) have been implicated in synaptic vesicle recycling in the brain. Genetic studies of the Bin1 homolog in budding yeast indicate an essential role in endocytosis, however, this role appears to be non-essential for homologs in fission yeast, fruit flies, and mice (Leprince et al., 2003).
Cell polarity: Genetic analyses of the Bin1 homologs in yeast and fruit flies suggest a integrative function in cell polarity, possibly mediated by effects on actin organization and vesicle trafficking. In budding yeast, the Bin1 homolog RVS167 lies at a central nodal point for integrating cell polarity signaling (Balguerie et al., 1999). Genetic ablation of the Bin1 homolog in fruit flies causes mislocalization of the cell polarity complex Dlg/Scr/Lgl, normally localized to the tight junction, that is implicated in epithelial polarity and suppression of tumor-like growths in flies (Humbert et al., 2003).
Transcription: Ubiquitous and muscle-specific isoforms of Bin1 that can localize to the nucleus can bind to c-Myc and suppress its transcriptional transactivation activity (Elliott et al., 1999). Tethering the BAR domain of Bin1 to DNA is sufficient to repress transcription. Genetic studies in fission yeast demonstrate that the functional homolog hob1+ is essential to silence transcription of heterochromatin at telomeric and centromeric chromosomal loci by supporting a Rad6-Set1 pathway of transcriptional repression (Ramalingam and Prendergast, 2007).
Muscle function: Mutations of the human BIN1 gene are associated with centronuclear myopathy, a disorder marked by severe muscle weakness (Nicot et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2014). In skeletal muscle, Bin1 localizes to T tubules where it appears to support ion flux (Lee et al., 2002; Butler et al., 1997). In vitro studies of terminal muscle differentiation implicate Bin1 in myoblast cell cycle arrest and fusion during tubule formation (Wechsler-Reya et al., 1998).
Cardiac function: Mouse genetic studies indicate that Bin1 is required for cardiac development (Hong et al., 2010). Bin1 levels decreases in failing hearts and low level of plasma Bin1 correlates with heart failure and predicts arrhythmia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (Hong et al., 2012).
Cognition and Memory: Bin1 is one of the candidate genes involved in Alzheimers disease. Bin1 is the most important risk locus for late onset Alzheimers disease. Bin1 affects AD risk primarily by modulating tau pathology (Tan et al., 2013; Kingwell, 2013; Chapius et al., 2013).
Immunomodulation and Barrier Function: Bin1 is a genetic modifier of experimental colitis that controls the paracellular pathway of transcellular ion transport regulated by cellular tight junctions (Chang et al., 2012).
Apoptosis and Senescence: Bin1 is crucial for the function of default pathways of classical apoptosis or senescence triggered by the Myc or Raf oncogenes in primary cells (Prendergast et al., 2009). In human tumor cells, enforced expression of Bin1 triggers a non-classical program of cell death that is caspase independent and associated with activation of serine proteases (Elliott et al., 2000).
Tumor suppression: Attenuation of Bin1 function by silencing or missplicing is a frequent event in multiple human cancers including breast, prostate, skin, lung, and colon cancers (Sakamuro et al., 1996; Ge et al., 2000b). In breast cancer, attenuated expression of Bin1 is associated with increased metastasis and poor clinical outcome (Chang et al., 2007b). In human tumor cells, ectopic expression of ubiquitous or muscle Bin1 isoforms causes growth arrest or caspase-independent cell death (Prendergast et al., 2009). A Bin1 missplicing event that occurs frequently in human cancers is sufficient to extinguish these activities. In primary rodent cells, Bin1 inhibits oncogenic co-transformation by Myc, adenovirus E1A, or mutant p53 but not SV40 T antigen (Elliott et al., 1999; Elliott et al., 2000). Mouse genetic studies establish that loss of Bin1 causes lung and liver cancers during aging (Chang et al., 2007a). In mice where breast or colon tumors are initiated by carcinogen treatment, Bin1 deletion causes progression to more aggressive malignant states (Chang et al., 2007b). Oncogenically transformed cells lacking Bin1 exhibit reduced susceptibility to apoptosis and increased proliferation, invasion, immune escape, and tumor formation (Muller et al., 2004, Muller et al., 2005). Activation of metalloproteinase MMP9 and immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) have been implicated respectively in invasion and immune escape caused by Bin1 loss (Chang et al., 2007b). Cisplatin is the most important and efficacious chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. The oncoprotein c-Myc suppresses bridging integrator 1 (BIN1), thereby releasing poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1, which results in increased DNA repair activity and allows cancer cells to acquire cisplatin resistance (Tanida et al., 2012).
Null phenotype in mouse: Bin1 knockout mice are perinatal lethal owing to myocardial hypertrophy where myofibrils of ventricular cardiomyocytes are severely disorganized (Muller et al., 2003). Genetic mosaic mice display increased susceptibility to inflammation, premalignant lesions in prostate and pancreas, and formation of liver and lung carcinoma. Female mosaic mice exhibit increased fecundity during aging. Tissue-specific gene ablation in skin or breast facilitates carcinogenesis (Chang et al., 2007a).

The longest Bin1 alternate splice variant in human brain exhibits 71% amino acid sequences similarity and 55% amino acid sequence identity with amphiphysin-I (amph-I) (Ren et al., 2006). Bin1 is also closely related to the mammalian amphiphysin-like genes Bin2 and Bin3 (Routhier et al., 2003). Genetic homologs of Bin1 that exist in budding and fission yeast (RVS167 and hob1+) and in fruit flies (amphiphysin) are well-characterized (Ren et al., 2006; Prendergast et al., 2009).

Epigenetics: Attenuated expression or missplicing occurs in many cases of breast, prostate, lung, skin, brain and colon cancers. Expression analyses have identified Bin1 missplicing as among the most common missplicing events occurring in cancer (Chang et al., 2007).

Germ-line mutations leading to nonsynonymous alterations in Bin1 have been associated with the familial muscle weakness disorder centronuclear myopathy, a disorder characterized by abnormal centralization of nuclei in muscle fibers. Two missense alterations the BAR domain that have been identified as loss of function mutations for membrane binding are K35N and D151N (Nicot et al., 2007). Another mutation that has been identified, K575X, generates a prematurely terminated Bin1 protein implicated in loss of function (Nicot et al., 2007).

Loss of heterozygosity of Bin1 in cases of metastatic prostate cancer has been reported in the absence of mutation of the remaining allele. Infrequent instances of gene deletions have been reported in breast tumor cell lines (Chang et al., 2007b; Kuznetsova et al., 2007).