Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
E2F1 (E2F transcription factor 1)
| Identity |
| Other names | E2F-1 |
| OTTHUMP00000030661 | |
| PBR3 | |
| RBAP-1 | |
| RBAP1 | |
| RBBP-3 | |
| RBBP3 | |
| RBP3 | |
| HGNC (Hugo) | E2F1 |
| Location | 20q11.22 |
| Location_base_pair | Starts at 31726953 and ends at 31737871 bp from pter ( according to hg18-Mar_2006) [Mapping] |
| Local_order | - C20orf114 31334.602 20q11.21 chromosome 20 open reading frame 114 - CDK5RAP1 31410.306 20pter-q11.23 CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 1 - CBFA2T2 31613.832 20q11 core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2; translocated to, 2 - E2F1 31727.150 20q11.2 E2F transcription factor 1 - ASIP 32311.832 20q11.2-q12 agouti signaling protein, nonagouti homolog (mouse) - ITCH 32414.745 20q11.22-q11.23 itchy homolog E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (mouse) - DYNLRB1 32567.865 20q11.21 dynein, light chain, roadblock-type 1 |
| DNA/RNA |
| Note | Start: 31,727,147 bp from pter End: 31,737,871 bp from pter Size: 10,725 bases Orientation: minus strand |
| Transcription | The gene is comprised of 7 exons, building one main transcript of 2506 bps. |
| Pseudogene | Non known pseudogenes. |
| Protein |
 | |
| Schematic representation of human E2F1, depicting conserved domains and post-translational modification sites (see description for details). | |
| Description | Length: 437 aa, molecular weight: 46920 Da. The protein contains a number of conserved domains, including a cyclin A binding domain (aa 67-108); a nuclear localization signal (NLS, aa 85-91); a helix-loop-helix DNA binding domain (aa 120-191); a heptad repeat (aa 201-243), which mediates homo/hetero dimerization; a marked box (245-317), which is implicated in the E2F/DP and E2F/E4 ORF 6/7 interaction, and is also essential for the apoptotic activity of E2F1; and a transactivation domain (aa 368-437) containing the pRB binding domain (aa 409-426). The E2F1 protein molecule is subject to a number of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation by cyclin D / CDK4 / CDK6 at serine residues 332 and 337, which stabilizes E2F1 and prevents its binding to pRB regardless of its phosphorylation status; acetylation of lysine residues 117, 120, and 125 by the factor acetyltransferase (FAT) complex CBP/p/CAF, which enhances DNA binding and stabilizes E2F1 further; phosphorylation by cyclin A / CDK2 at serine residue 375, which reduces DNA binding; and phosphorylation at serine residues 31 and 364 by ATM/ATR and CHK2 kinases, respectively, in response to DNA damage, which stabilizes E2F1 and promotes its apoptotic activity. |
| Expression | E2F1 is expressed in all actively proliferating tissues in a cell-cycle specific manner. It is expressed mainly at late G1 and G1/S transition, and its mRNA is absent or low during the rest of the cell cycle. |
| Localisation | E2F1 is constitutively nuclear, due to a Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) located around aa 90. |
| Function | E2F1 represents a controversial player in cell cycle control, exhibiting a dual behavior, sometimes acting as a tumor-suppressor and others as an oncogene. E2F1 exerts transcriptional control over the cell cycle, induces apoptosis via distinct pathways, and participates in DNA damage response and checkpoint.
E2F1 belongs to the E2F family of transcription factors, coordinating the expression of key genes involved in cell cycle regulation and progression. It is active during the G1 to S transition, and thus its target genes, which include regulatory elements of the cell cycle, such as CDC2, CDC25A and cyclin E, and essential components of DNA replication machinery, including DHFR, and DNA polymerase alpha, are expressed in a cell cycle dependent manner (i.e. only in late G1 and early S phase of the cell cycle). E2F1 recognizes and binds to specific DNA sequences (5'-TTTSSCGS-3', where S = C/G) that lie within the promoter of target genes, in the form of functional heterodimers with members of the DP family of transcription factors.
E2F1 can induce apoptosis via distinct P53-dependent and independent pathways. The P53-independent pathways involve the p53 homolog P73 and APAF1, which are both transcriptionally controlled by E2F1. Transcriptional activation of P73 by E2F1 may lead to the activation of P53-responsive target genes, while induction of APAF1 transcription leads to activation of the caspase cascade. Ultimately, both pathways lead to cell death by apoptosis. Moreover, E2F1 is implicated in the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family, but also in the downregulation of anti-apoptotic signals, by inhibiting NF-kB activity, thereby enhancing also apoptosis. There are many pathways linking E2F1 to P53-dependent apoptosis. The main mechanism involves direct transcriptional activation of the p14ARF tumor suppressor gene by E2F1. ARF sequesters MDM2 away from P53, leading consequently to P53 stabilization and activation. Nevertheless, ARF overexpression may lead to E2F1 downregulation, as ARF targets the latter for proteasomal degradation through p45skp2-dependent pathways. On the other hand, E2F1 can induce P53-dependent apoptosis in the absence of ARF. For instance, E2F1 can interact directly with P53 through the cyclin A-binding domain of E2F1, enhancing its apoptotic activity in response to DNA damage. Additionally, some reports argue that E2F1 uses the ATM pathway in order to activate both P53 and CHK2. Finally, E2F1 can augment the apoptotic capacity of P53 by enhancing the transcription of pro-apoptotic P53 cofactors such as P53-ASPP1, ASPP2, JMY and TP53INP1.
In response to DNA damage, E2F1 is upregulated through phosporylation-mediated stabilization. E2F1 is phosphorylated at S31 by ATM/ATR kinases and at S364 by CHK2 kinase, which are all integral components of the DNA damage signaling pathway. These phosphorylations interfere with the ARF/SKP2- and MDM2-dependent degradation of E2F1, thus stabilizing the latter by decreasing its turnover rate. In response to IR or other agents that cause DNA double strand breaks, phosphorylation by ATM/ATR seems to prime E2F1 for acetylation at specific lysine residues. These acetylations are a prerequisite for the targeting of the P73 gene promoter by E2F1, which ultimately leads to apoptosis (see above paragraph). UV radiation does not trigger E2F1 acetylation and apoptosis. Instead, E2F1 seems to play a role in DNA repair and cell survival, either directly at the sites of DNA repair or through modulation of DNA repair genes that are under its transcriptional control. |
| Homology | Shares lesser or greater homology with other members of the E2F family (E2F2, E2F3, E2F4, E2F5, E2F6) and with the DP family of transcription factors ( DP1, DP2). |
| Mutations |
| Note | No known mutations. |
| Implicated in |
| Note | Due to its pivotal and multifunctional role in cell cycle control, E2F1 is expected to be a significant player in carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, its paradoxical behavior, i.e. acting as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor depending on the cell context, renders its characterization and study challenging. Moreover, deregulation of E2F1 in cancer is often attributed to upstream alterations, in the pRB pathway that mainly regulates E2F function, and not to genetic mutations of its gene. The E2F1 paradox is quite evident in the various in vitro cellular systems and in vivo animal models that have been employed in order to study E2F1 function in cancer. Excess of E2F1 may promote proliferation, but at the same time it may also enhance apoptosis, and there are examples where overexpression or lack of E2F1 has both positive and negative effects on tumorigenesis. The delicate balance between growth and death seems to depend on the level of E2F1 deregulation, but also on the cell context background. In non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) E2F1 is significantly increased due to aberrant pRB status. In these cases the elevated levels of E2F1 are positively associated with the tumour growth index whereas apoptosis is not influenced as deregulation of the P53-MDM2 regulatory loop is a common phenomenon in NSCLC. Breast, thyroid and pancreatic cancer, seem to follow this same scenario, where aberrations in the pRB pathway coupled with defective P53 status, enhance E2F1 levels promoting tumor growth. In all these cases, the higher levels of E2F1 are also correlated with poorer outcome. Nevertheless, in other cases, like colon cancer, and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas the more aggressive disease is linked to lower E2F1 expression, as E2F1 in these cases acts as an oncosuppressor, enhancing apoptosis. Likewise, in adenocarcinomas of Barrett oesophagus E2F1 expression is negatively associated with tumor progression and positively with patient survival. In the case of transitional cell bladder carcinomas (TCCs) the findings are controversial. In one series of invasive bladder tumors E2F1 seems to play a tumor suppressive role, while in another series of superficial low-grade TCCs E2F1 is positively correlated with proliferation, but not with apoptosis. This discrepancy seems to lie in the type of TCC examined and the molecular characteristics of the tissue. The most usual genetic alteration of the E2F1 gene is amplification, as has been reported in several leukemic (e.g. the HEL human erythroleukemia cell line) and melanoma cell lines. The gene has also been found amplified in various esophageal, colorectal, cervical and ovarian cancers, as well as in lymph node metastases of melanoma, and is often linked to chromosome 20q gains in these entities. Importantly, in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, the 20q gains and the amplification of the E2F1 gene are linked with greater aggressiveness and poorer prognosis. |
| External links |
| Bibliography |
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| PMID 1448092 |
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| PMID 8321204 |
| E2F-1-mediated transactivation is inhibited by complex formation with the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product. |
| Flemington EK, Speck SH, Kaelin WG Jr. |
| Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Aug 1;90(15):6914-8. |
| PMID 8346196 |
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| Helin K, Harlow E, Fattaey A. |
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| PMID 8413249 |
| Binding to DNA and the retinoblastoma gene product promoted by complex formation of different E2F family members. |
| Krek W, Livingston DM, Shirodkar S. |
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| PMID 8248803 |
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| PMID 7917337 |
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| PMID 7935380 |
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| PMID 8964493 |
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| Campanero MR, Flemington EK. |
| Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Mar 18;94(6):2221-6. |
| PMID 9122175 |
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| Chen KY. |
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| PMID 9281303 |
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| PMID 9271426 |
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| Sladek TL. |
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| PMID 9375022 |
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| Helin K. |
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| PMID 10504464 |
| Interaction between ubiquitin-protein ligase SCFSKP2 and E2F-1 underlies the regulation of E2F-1 degradation. |
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| PMID 10559858 |
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| PMID 11274364 |
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| Gorgoulis VG, Zacharatos P, Mariatos G, Kotsinas A, Bouda M, Kletsas D, Asimacopoulos PJ, Agnantis N, Kittas C, Papavassiliou AG. |
| J Pathol. 2002 Oct;198(2):142-56. |
| PMID 12237873 |
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| Lee C, Chang JH, Lee HS, Cho Y. |
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| PMID 12726857 |
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| Hallstrom TC, Nevins JR. |
| Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 16;100(19):10848-53. Epub 2003 Sep 3. |
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| Evolving intricacies and implications of E2F1 regulation. |
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| FASEB J. 2003 Apr;17(6):569-74. |
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| Stevens C, La Thangue NB. |
| Cell Cycle. 2003 Sep-Oct;2(5):435-7. |
| PMID 12963836 |
| Crystal structure of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein bound to E2F and the molecular basis of its regulation. |
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| PMID 14526389 |
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| PMID 15662116 |
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| PMID 18440323 |
| Identification of E2F1 as a positive transcriptional regulator for delta-catenin. |
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| PMID 18302937 |
| The aryl hydrocarbon receptor binds to E2F1 and inhibits E2F1-induced apoptosis. |
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| Identification of copy number gain and overexpressed genes on chromosome arm 20q by an integrative genomic approach in cervical cancer: potential role in progression. |
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| PMID 18506748 |
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| Contributor(s) |
| Written | 12-2008 | Michael Zachariadis, Vassilios G Gorgoulis |
| University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Greece (MZ); Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Greece (VGG) |
| Citation |
| This paper should be referenced as such : |
| Zachariadis M, Gorgoulis VG . E2F1 (E2F transcription factor 1). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. December 2008 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/E2F1ID40382ch20q11.html |
| © Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology | indexed on : Sat Feb 6 13:39:41 CET 2010 |
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