ENPP2 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2)

Identity

Other names	Autotaxin
	ATX
	NPP2
	PD1alpha
	lysophospholipase D
	PDNP2
Hugo	ENPP2
Location	8q24.12
Local_order	Telomeric to NOV (nephroblastoma overxpressed gene), centromeric to TAF2; colocalized with pseudogene CYCSP23.

DNA/RNA

Note	mRNA length 3276 or 3120 bp, depending upon alternate splicing.
	ENPP2 Gene: Intron-exon organization of ENPP2.
Description	The ENPP2 gene is 81,754 bp in length and is composed of 26 exons. Part of exon 1 and 26 are untranslated (UTR); translation extends from the remainder of exon 1 through the proximal portion of exon 26; however, there is a 152 bp exon (exon 12) that is alternatively spliced and is included primarily in neurally derived tissues.
Transcription	The mRNA for ENPP2 is 3276 bp with exon 12 and 3120 bp without it. The ENPP2 promoter is reported to have four SP1 sites as well as binding sites for NFAT and NF-kappaB but no TATA or CAAT boxes. The only transcription factor that has been proven to increase ENPP2 protein expression is NFATC2/NFAT1, after release of alpha6beta4 from hemidesmosomes in a breast cancer cell line. A number of growth factors have been found to stimulate ENPP2 protein expression, while several inflammatory cytokines have been reported to inhibit expression.
Pseudogene	CYCSP23

Protein

	ENPP2 Protein (NPP2/ATX): Organization of domains and other critical elements within ENPP2.

Description	The ENPP2 protein, NPP2 or ATX, is an N-glycolsylated member of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase (NPP) family of proteins. The NPP2 precursor contains 915 amino acids, 105.2 KDa; and an alternately spliced variant is 863 amino acids, 99.0 KDa. The amino terminal signal peptide sequence is cleaved at a signal peptidase site between G27 and F28 to yield a secreted protein that contains 888/836 amino acids, 102.3/96.9 KDa. NPP2 contains up to 3 ASN-linked glycosylation sites that appear to be required for secretion as well as for stabilization of its active conformation.
Expression	NPP2 is expressed in many tissues during development, but it is critical for blood vessel maturation and neurogenesis. Certain inflammatory cytokines and the tumor suppressor CST6 downregulate ENPP2 expression, and some of the NPP2 products exert a negative feedback on its expression. Conversely, a number of growth factors as well as EBV infection (in Hodgkin's lymphoma) upregulate ENPP2 expression. Disruption of hemidesmosomes in breast cancer cells releases alpha6beta4, which initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of the transcription factor NFAT1, which binds to the ENPP2 promoter to upregulate protein expression. Upregulation of ENPP2 has been reported in a number of aggressive tumors, including glioblastoma, undifferentiated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, invasive breast carcinoma, and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. In adults, NPP2 is the major source of serum and plasma lysophospholipase D activity. It is also highly expressed in brain, kidney, liver, ovary, small intestine, and placenta, and is present in many other tissues.
Function	NPP2 is a Type 2 nucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase that also has ATPase activity. In addition, NPP2 is the major source of serum and plasma lysophospholipase D activity, hydrolyzing lysophosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidic acid as well as cyclic phosphatidic acid. NPP2 also hydrolyzes sphingosylphosphorylcholine into sphingosine-1-phosphate; however, NPP2 is not a major source of sphingosine-1-phosphate in plasma. The production of lysophosphatidic acid is thought to account for many of the physiological and pathological roles of ENPP2. Both enzymatic activities of NPP2 share a common catalytic domain. Like other members of the NPP family, NPP2 is a metallo-enzyme with binding sites for 2 metal atoms coordinated by three critical histidines (H316, H360, and H475) and associated aspartates (D172, D312, and D359). T210 is nucleotidylated during the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase reaction and is essential for hydrolysis of substrate during the lysophospholipase D reaction as well.
Homology	NPP2 is a member of the nucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase family, which includes ENPP1 (PC1) and ENPP3 (B10). Although the catalytic domain is highly conserved within this family of proteins, only NPP2 possesses lysophospholipase D activity.

Mutations

Note

There are a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been reported within the ENPP2 gene but none are yet reported to be associated with altered phenotype. However, knockout of ENPP2 is lethal in mice (approximately E12), therefore mutations associated with loss of function might be lethal.

Implicated in

Entity	Various cancers
Disease	Overexpression of the ENPP2 protein has been associated with tumor cell motility and invasion, tumor growth and metastasis, and blood vessel formation.
Prognosis	ENPP2 is over-expressed in poorly differentiated non-small cell lung carcinomas and invasive and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. In thyroid carcinomas, ENPP2 expression was found to be higher in undifferentiated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines and tissues than in follicular thyroid carcinomas or goiters. When glioblastoma multiforme cells were collected from tumor cores vs. areas of white matter invasion, ENPP2 was found to be overexpressed predominantly at the invasive front.
Oncogenesis	Upregulation of NPP2 expression appears to be associated with cancer progression rather than with oncogenesis. Transfection of ENPP2 cDNA into mouse fibroblast cell lines (NIH3T3 clone7) did not result in tumorigenic cell lines, but transfection into Ras-transformed fibroblasts resulted in rapidly growing, hematogenous, highly metastatic tumors. NPP2 expression was found in Hodgkin's lymphoma cells as well as in CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. In the Hodgkin's lymphomas , EBV infection was correlated to induction of ENPP2 expression (P = 0.006). Transfection of the tumor suppressor CST6 into MDA-MB-435 cells resulted in down-regulation of ENPP2. In contrast, down regulation of ENPP2 by specific siRNAs resulted in down-regulation of the tumor suppressors, thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2 (THBS1 and THBS2, respectively).
Entity	Diabetes
Disease	NPP2 expression is highly upregulated during adipocyte differentiation and its product, lysophosphatidic acid, stimulates proliferation in preadipocytes. In genetically obese, diabetic mice, NPP2 expression was increased in adipose tissue compared to their lean siblings. This is a possible model for type 2 diabetes, which has a strong genetic component.

External links

	Nomenclature
Hugo	ENPP2
GDB	ENPP2
Entrez_Gene	ENPP2  5168  ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (autotaxin)
	Cards
Atlas	ENPP2ID40455ch8q24
GeneCards	ENPP2
Ensembl	ENPP2 [Search_View]   ENSG00000136960 [Gene_View]
Genatlas	ENPP2
GeneLynx	ENPP2
eGenome	ENPP2
euGene	5168
	Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath	ENPP2  -  8q24.12   chr8:120638500-120720287 -  8q24.1   [Description]    (hg18-Mar_2006)
Ensembl	ENPP2 - 8q24.1 [CytoView]
NCBI	Mapview
OMIM	Disease map [OMIM]
HomoloGene	ENPP2
	Gene and transcription
Genbank	AK124910 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	AK130313 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	AL544867 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BC034961 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BQ365938 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_001040092 [ SRS ]    NM_001040092 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_006209 [ SRS ]    NM_006209 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	AC_000051 [ SRS ]    AC_000051 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NC_000008 [ SRS ]    NC_000008 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NT_008046 [ SRS ]    NT_008046 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NW_923984 [ SRS ]    NW_923984 [ ENTREZ ]
AceView	ENPP2 AceView - NCBI
Unigene	Hs.190977 [ SRS ]    Hs.190977 [ NCBI ]     HS190977 [ spliceNest ]
Fast-db	8175 (alternative variants)
	Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
SwissProt	Q13822 [ SRS]    Q13822 [ EXPASY ]     Q13822 [ INTERPRO ]
Prosite	PS00524 SMB_1 [ SRS ]    PS00524 SMB_1 [ Expasy ]
Prosite	PS50958 SMB_2 [ SRS ]    PS50958 SMB_2 [ Expasy ]
Interpro	IPR001952 Alk_phosphtse [ SRS ]    IPR001952 Alk_phosphtse [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR001604 Endonuclease [ SRS ]    IPR001604 Endonuclease [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR002591 Phosphodiest/P_Trfase [ SRS ]    IPR002591 Phosphodiest/P_Trfase [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR001212 Somatomedin_B [ SRS ]    IPR001212 Somatomedin_B [ EBI ]
CluSTr	Q13822
Pfam	PF01223 Endonuclease_NS [ SRS ]    PF01223 Endonuclease_NS [ Sanger ]    pfam01223 [ NCBI-CDD ]
Pfam	PF01663 Phosphodiest [ SRS ]    PF01663 Phosphodiest [ Sanger ]    pfam01663 [ NCBI-CDD ]
Pfam	PF01033 Somatomedin_B [ SRS ]    PF01033 Somatomedin_B [ Sanger ]    pfam01033 [ NCBI-CDD ]
Smart	SM00477 NUC [EMBL]
Smart	SM00201 SO [EMBL]
Blocks	Q13822
HPRD	03037
	Protein Interaction databases
DIP	Q13822
IntAct	Q13822
	Polymorphism : SNP, mutations, diseases
OMIM	601060    [ map ]
GENECLINICS	601060
SNP	ENPP2 [dbSNP-NCBI]
SNP	NM_001040092 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	NM_006209 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	ENPP2 [GeneSNPs - Utah]  ENPP2] [HGBASE - SRS]
HAPMAP	ENPP2 [HAPMAP]
COSMIC	ENPP2 [Somatic mutation (COSMIC-CGP-Sanger)]
HGMD	ENPP2
	General knowledge
Family Browser	ENPP2 [UCSC Family Browser]
SOURCE	NM_001040092
SOURCE	NM_006209
SMD	Hs.190977
SAGE	Hs.190977
Enzyme	3.1.4.39 [ Enzyme-SRS ]   3.1.4.39 [ Brenda-SRS ]   3.1.4.39 [ KEGG ]   3.1.4.39 [ WIT ]
GO	nucleic acid binding [Amigo]  nucleic acid binding
GO	endonuclease activity [Amigo]  endonuclease activity
GO	phosphodiesterase I activity [Amigo]  phosphodiesterase I activity
GO	nucleotide diphosphatase activity [Amigo]  nucleotide diphosphatase activity
GO	extracellular region [Amigo]  extracellular region
GO	plasma membrane [Amigo]  plasma membrane
GO	integral to plasma membrane [Amigo]  integral to plasma membrane
GO	phosphate metabolic process [Amigo]  phosphate metabolic process
GO	cell motility [Amigo]  cell motility
GO	chemotaxis [Amigo]  chemotaxis
GO	G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway [Amigo]  G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
GO	transcription factor binding [Amigo]  transcription factor binding
GO	metabolic process [Amigo]  metabolic process
GO	lipid catabolic process [Amigo]  lipid catabolic process
GO	hydrolase activity [Amigo]  hydrolase activity
GO	metal ion binding [Amigo]  metal ion binding
GO	alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine phosphodiesterase activity [Amigo]  alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine phosphodiesterase activity
KEGG	Purine metabolism
KEGG	Starch and sucrose metabolism
KEGG	Riboflavin metabolism
KEGG	Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
KEGG	Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
PubGene	ENPP2
TreeFam	ENPP2
CTD	5168 [Comparative ToxicoGenomics Database]
	Other databases
	Probes
Probe	ENPP2 Related clones (RZPD - Berlin)
	PubMed
PubMed	32 Pubmed reference(s) in LocusLink

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PMID 12119361

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PMID 12498389

Autotaxin hydrolyzes sphingosylphosphorylcholine to produce the regulator of migration, sphingosine-1-phosphate.

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PMID 14500380

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PMID 15897878

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PMID 16829511

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PMID 16837466

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PMID 17208043

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PMID 17192809

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Contributor(s)

Written	02-2007	Mary L. Stracke, Timothy Clair

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Stracke ML, Clair T . ENPP2 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. February 2007 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/ENPP2ID40455ch8q24.html

© Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

indexed on : Wed Jul 2 08:23:18 2008