The diagnosis of bone and cartilage tumors is often challenging for radiologists as well as pathologists, and the integration of new molecular markers may not only increase the diagnostic accuracy but potentially also identify new druggable targets. ^1,2

 Fibro-osseous tumor and dysplasias, benign maxillofacial bone and cartilage tumors and malignant maxillofacial bone and cartilage tumors are included in this category . Although molecular data are scarce in most maxillofacial bone tumors, some useful molecular markers are emerging e.g., IDH1/IDH2 and GNAS mutations for chondrosarcoma and fibrous dysplasia, respectively; MDM2 amplifications for the diagnosis of low-grade osteosarcoma, HEY1 rearrangement n case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma , USP6 fusions in aneurysmal bone cysts, and NFATC2 fusions in a subgroup of rhabdomyosarcoma affecting mainly the mandible of young adults. ^1,2