t(4;11)(q23;p15) NUP98/RAP1GDS1

2016-01-01   Anwar N Mohamed  

1.Cytogenetic laboratory, Pathology Department; Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA

Clinics and Pathology

Disease

The t(4;11)(q23;p15) is mostly described in an early precursor T-cell ALL of thymic origin. Only two cases with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were reported with this translocation; the t(4;11)(q?13;p15) with NUP98/RAP1GDS1 fusion expression was identified in a patient with AML-M0 at time of diagnosis. Whereas the second case was with AML-M4, in which the t(4;11)(q23;p15) was detected at relapse with a normal karyotype at diagnosis.

Phenotype stem cell origin

Bone marrows are hypercellular with a massive infiltration (~90%) with lymphoblasts of L1 or L2 morphology. Whereas different markers are tested for each case, leukemic cells are generally positive for CD3, CD5, CD7, CD10, TdT, and thymic associated marker CD1a, negative or partially expressing CD2, CD4, and CD8. One or more myeloid markers CD11b, CD13, and/or CD33 are co-expressed in some patients. This suggests that NUP98/RAP1GDS1 fusion occurs in subset of T-ALL originated from an early progenitor with a potential to express mature T-cell antigens as well as myeloid markers.

Epidemiology

Patients ages are ranged from 6 to 60 years, with a predominance of younger individuals (60% < = 25 years) as is classic for T-cell ALL. None of the patients with this translocation was an infant. The t(4;11)(q23;p15) seems to be extremely rare and its exact incidence in leukemia is difficult to establish. In large studies, t(4;11) was identified in approximately 2% adult and in 0.3% children with T-ALL while other studies have failed to detect a single case.

Clinics

Most patients present with a high WBC counts with a high proportion of blasts, generalized lymphadenopathy and mediastinal mass but hepatospenomagaly is less frequent.

Prognosis

The risk associated with t(4;11)(q23;p15.4) is not well determined due to low number of cases although most patients with this translocation had a short survival.

Cytogenetics

Note

Karyotype is relatively simple with t(4;11)(q23;p15) a sole abnormality in 5/13 cases (Table 1).

Cytogenetics morphological

Table 1: Reported acute leukemia cases with t(4;11)(q21-q23;p15) and NUP98/RAP1GDS1 gene fusion.

Patient

Leukemia

Age/Sex

WBC 109/L

Karyotype

Fusion Genes

Outcome

References

1

T-ALL L1

21/M

423

46,XY,t(4;11)(q21;p15),+2mar

NUP98/RAP1GDS1

Relapsed after 2 matched BMT; died 43 M

Hussey et al., 1999

2

T-ALL L1

25/F

1.8

46,XX,t(4;11)(q21;p14-15), del(12)(p13),+del(13)(q12q14)

NUP98/RAP1GDS1

Failure of induction; Died 1M later

Hussey et al., 1999

3

T-ALL L2

49/M

169

46,XY,t(4;11)(q21;p15),del(5)(q13q31)

NUP98/RAP1GDS1

BM remission, early relapse, died 14 M

Hussey et al., 1999

4

T-ALL L2

16/F

34

47,XX,t(4;11)(q21;p15),+8

NUP98/RAP1GDS1

CR, followed by BMT; 7 m+

Mecucci et al., 2000

5

T-ALL L2

38F

35

47,XX,t(4;11)(q21;p15),+mar

NUP98/RAP1GDS1

CR, relapsed in 8 m; died after  BMT

Mecucci et al. 2000

6

AML-M0

60/F

3.9

46- t(4;11)(q1?3;p15),?der(8)(p?)

NUP98/RAP1GDS1

CR; relapsed and died 8m after diagnosis

van Zutven et al, 2006

7

T-ALL

15/M

72.8

46,XY,t(4;11)(q23;p15),del(9)(p13)

NUP98/RAP1GDS1

CR obtained, survival 7M+

Present case, 2015

Additional anomalies

One or two additional abnormalities were seen in 8/13 cases including del(12p) in two cases; del(5q), del(9p) , del(13q) , or trisomy 8 in a single case each.

Variants

t(1;4;11)(p32;q21;p15) was reported in one case.

Genes Involved and Proteins

Gene name
RAP1GDS1 (RAP1, GTP-GDP dissociation stimulator 1)
Location
4q23
Dna rna description
RAP1, GTP-GDP dissociation stimulator 1 (RAP1GDS1) is a gene that encodes a protein that functions as a stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange protein with GTPase activity. Fusions, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, silent mutations, frameshift deletions, and in-frame deletions are observed in cancers such as endometrial cancer , intestinal cancer, and skin cancer .
Protein description
RAP1GDS1 encodes a 558-amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 61.1 kD. The product of the RAP1GDS1 gene, usually referred to as smgGDS, has guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity. It stimulates the conversion of inactive GDP-bound from small GTPases to the active GTP-bound form. It has been speculated that smgGDS might also play a role in nucleocytoplasmic transport, as smgGDS is composed of multiple armadillo repeats that are thought to mediate protein-protein interactions.
SmgGDS has been described as a "master regulator" of small GTPases, such as RHOA , RAC1 , RAP1A , RAP1B , and KRAS . SmgGDS controls the activities of these GTPases through several mechanisms, most notably by controlling their prenylation and trafficking to cell membranes. The ability of smgGDS to regulate the cell cycle in multiple cancer cell lines with different mutational profiles indicates the importance of this protein as a key regulator of malignancy. SmgGDS is overexpressed in multiple types of cancer, including non-small cell lung carcinoma , prostate cancer , pancreatic cancer and breast cancer , making SmgGDS is an attractive target for cancer therapeutics.
Gene name
NUP98 (nucleoporin 98 kDa)
Location
11p15.4
Dna rna description
NUP98 is one of several genes located in the imprinted gene domain of chromosome 11p15. Combined haploinsufficiency of NUP98 and RAE1 has been shown to result in premature separation of sister chromatids, leading to severe aneuploidy. NUP98 plays roles in gene expression, mitotic spindle formation, and cell cycle progression.
Dna rna description
NUP98 gene is fused to a large number of "partner genes" caused primarily by balanced translocations and inversions which are associated with a wide variety of hematological malignancies including AML and MDS (de novo and therapy related), CML-blast crisis, and pre T- ALL. To date, no NUP98 fusion gene has been described in B-cell malignancies. At least 30 different partner genes are reported to fuse with NUP98; 50% of which are homeobox genes. Approximately 10% of patients with NUP98 fusions have T-ALL; most commonly, these malignancies are associated with NUP98-RAP1GDS1 gene fusions. This suggests that different partner genes are associated with different leukemia, although such associations are rarely exclusive. Although NUP98 breakpoints in these translocations are variable located between introns 9 to 14, a chimeric transcript consisting of the 5 portion of NUP98 fused in-frame to the 3 portion of the partner genes is generated in all.
Protein description
NUP98 gene encodes two alternatively spliced mRNA variants: NUP98 and NUP98-NUP96 that are cleaved to produce two distinct nucleoporins, NUP98 and NUP96. The NUP98 is a 98 kDa protein component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) family which is involved in the trafficking of RNA and protein between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The NUP98 protein contains two partially characterized functional domains: a GLFG repeat region, which serves as a nuclear transport receptor docking surface, and a GLEBS domain, which mediates the interaction with the RAE1 mRNA nuclear export factor. Both domains are located within the N-terminal portion of NUP98. The chimeric NUP98 protein that results from translocations always retains the intact N-terminal GLFG repeats of NUP98 and the C-terminal domain of the partner protein. NUP96 is a scaffold component of the NPC.

Result of the Chromosomal Anomaly

Note

Of the 13 cases reported in the literature with t(4;11)(q23;q15); seven cases showed NUP98/RAP1GDS1 gene fusion while the status of these genes were not tested in the remaining five cases (Table 1).

Description

T(4;11) generates two reciprocal chimeric products; chimeric 5NUP98 -3RAP1GDS1 transcript produces a novel protein composed of the N-terminal portion of the NUP98 protein and the entire smgGDS which is anticipated to promote leukemogenesis. However, the reciprocal 5 RAP1GDS1-3NUP98 transcript is often but not always expressed.

Highly cited references

Pubmed IDYearTitleCitations
164190552006Identification of NUP98 abnormalities in acute leukemia: JARID1A (12p13) as a new partner gene.45
172338202007Fusion of NUP98 and the SET binding protein 1 (SETBP1) gene in a paediatric acute T cell lymphoblastic leukaemia with t(11;18)(p15;q12).20
104777371999The (4;11)(q21;p15) translocation fuses the NUP98 and RAP1GDS1 genes and is recurrent in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia.19
126512652003A multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction strategy for the diagnostic molecular screening of chimeric genes: a clinical evaluation on 170 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.12
260048092015NUP98/11p15 translocations affect CD34+ cells in myeloid and T lymphoid leukemias.6
109290312000t(4;11)(q21;p15) translocation involving NUP98 and RAP1GDS1 genes: characterization of a new subset of T acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.4
113256542001Molecular evaluation of the NUP98/RAP1GDS1 gene frequency in adults with T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia.2

Article Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
113256542001Molecular evaluation of the NUP98/RAP1GDS1 gene frequency in adults with T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Cimino G et al
128600182003t(4;11)(q21;p15), including one complex translocation t(1;4;11)(p32;q21;p15), in adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Douet-Guilbert N et al
219482992011NUP98 gene fusions and hematopoietic malignancies: common themes and new biologic insights.Gough SM et al
104777371999The (4;11)(q21;p15) translocation fuses the NUP98 and RAP1GDS1 genes and is recurrent in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia.Hussey DJ et al
38425671985A variant translocation between chromosomes 4 and 11, t(4q;11p) in a child with acute leukemia.Inoue S et al
116814082001NUP98 gene fusions in hematologic malignancies.Lam DH et al
109290312000t(4;11)(q21;p15) translocation involving NUP98 and RAP1GDS1 genes: characterization of a new subset of T acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.Mecucci C et al
243712262014NUP98 fusion oncoproteins promote aneuploidy by attenuating the mitotic spindle checkpoint.Salsi V et al
245528062014SmgGDS-558 regulates the cell cycle in pancreatic, non-small cell lung, and breast cancers.Schuld NJ et al
153596312004The role of NUP98 gene fusions in hematologic malignancy.Slape C et al
118500702002A t(4;11)(q21;p15) in a case of T-cell lymphoma and a case of acute myelogenous leukemia.Thangavelu M et al
164190552006Identification of NUP98 abnormalities in acute leukemia: JARID1A (12p13) as a new partner gene.van Zutven LJ et al

Summary

Fusion gene

NUP98/RAP1GDS1 NUP98 (11p15.4) RAP1GDS1 (4q23) M t(4;11)(q23;p15)|NUP98/RAP1GDS1 NUP98 (11p15.4) RAP1GDS1 (4q23) TIC

Note

The t(4;11)(q23;q15) is a rare but recurrent translocation strongly associated with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). This translocation results in a novel gene fusion of NUP98/11p15 and RAP1GDS1/4q23 genes [Figure 1]. Therefore, t(4;11)(q23;p15) is NOT a variant of the t(4;11)(q21;q23) involving the AFF1 and KMT2A (MLL) genes, as previously presumed.
Atlas Image
Figure 1; Left; Partial karyotype showing t(4;11)(q23;p15), Right; FISH showing a double fusion pattern of NUP98-RAP1GDS1 genes.

Citation

Anwar N Mohamed

t(4;11)(q23;p15) NUP98/RAP1GDS1

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2016-01-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/1191/js/lib/cancer-prone-explorer/welcome

Historical Card

2002-07-01 t(4;11)(q23;p15) NUP98/RAP1GDS1 by  Franck Viguié